Allenylation

To a solution of 0,35 mol of allenyll ithium in about 240 ml of hexane and 200 ml of THF, prepared according to Chapter II, Exp. 13, were added 35 g of dry HMPT at -85°C. r.-Hexyl bromide (0.30 mol) was then added dropwise in 15 min, whilst keeping the temperature of the reaction mixture close to -70 0 (liquid nitrogen bath). After the addition the mixture was held at -60°C for an additional 1 h. 

Note 2. Traces of unreacted triethylamine might cause partial isomerization of the allenyl sulfoxide into the propargyl sulfoxide. The methyl iodide is added to ensure that no triethylamine remains. 

To a mixture of 100 ml of dry dichloromethane, 0.10 mol of propargyl alcohol and 0.11 mol of triethylamine was added a solution of 0.05 mol of Ph2PCl in 75 ml of dichloromethane in 3 min between -80 and -90°C. The cooling bath was removed, and when the temperature had reached 10°C, the reaction mixture was poured into a solution of 2.5 ml of 362 HCl in 100 ml of water. After vigorous shaking the lower layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 25-ml portions of dichloromethane. The combined solutions were washed twice with water, dried over magnesium sulfate and then concentrated in a water-pump vacuum, giving almost pure allenyl phosphine oxide as a white solid, m.p. 98-100 5, in almost 1002 yield. 

A solution of 0.10 mol of freshly distilled diethylaminopropyne in 80 ml of dry (distilled from phosphorus pentoxide) acetonitrile was cooled to 5°C and dry carbon dioxide was introduced into the vigorously agitated solution at a rate of about 0.3 1/min. The temperature rose above 20°C within a few minutes, but was kept at about 30°C by occasionally immersing the flask in a bath of ice-water. The introduction of CO2 was continued until the temperature had dropped to 25°C and the typical odour of the yneamine had disappeared completely. The yellow solution was concentrated in a water-pump vacuum. The residue, a sirupy liquid, had the theoretically required weight and consisted of reasonably pure (about 955 ) allenyl-diamide. If desired the product car be distilled (short-path distillation) in a high vacuum. It solidified upon standing at -25 C. 

A mixture of 100 ml of glacial acetic acid, 15 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 5.0 g of allenyl methyl sulfoxide (see Chapter VII-1, Exp. 1) was heated for 30 min at 100°C. The colourless solution was cooled to 20°C and poured into 300 ml of ice-water. The sulfone was isolated by extracting the solution twelve times... 

The reaction of the o-iodophenol 275 with an alkylallene affords the bcnzo-furan derivative 276[184], Similarly, the reactions of the 6-hydroxyallenes 277 and 279 with iodobenzene afford the tetrahydrofurans 278 and 280. Under a CO atmosphere, CO insertion takes place before the insertion of the allenyl bond, and a benzoyl group, rather than a phenyl group, attacks the allene carbon to give 280. Reaction of iodobenzene with 4,5-hexadienoic acid (281) affords the furanone derivative 282[185]. 

Intramolecular reaction of the allenyl carbamate 5 in the presence of a large excess of allylic chloride catalyzed by Pdi(dba)3 or PdCl2(PhCN)2 affords the substituted oxazolidin-2-one 6. Since the reaction is catalyzed by both Pd(II) and Pd(0), its mechanism is not dear[3]. 

In the coupling of the allenyl ester 7 with a terminal alkyne, an electron-deficient phosphine (Ph3P) gave the enyne-conjugated ester 8 as the major product, while an electron-rich phosphine (TDMPP or TTMPP) yielded the non-conjugated enyne esters ( )- and (Z)-9[4],... 

Among several propargylic derivatives, the propargylic carbonates 3 were found to be the most reactive and they have been used most extensively because of their high reactivity[2,2a]. The allenylpalladium methoxide 4, formed as an intermediate in catalytic reactions of the methyl propargylic carbonate 3, undergoes two types of transformations. One is substitution of cr-bonded Pd. which proceeds by either insertion or transmetallation. The insertion of an alkene, for example, into the Pd—C cr-bond and elimination of/i-hydrogen affords the allenyl compound 5 (1.2,4-triene). Alkene and CO insertions are typical. The substitution of Pd methoxide with hard carbon nucleophiles or terminal alkynes in the presence of Cul takes place via transmetallation to yield the allenyl compound 6. By these reactions, various allenyl derivatives can be prepared. 

Terminal alkynes react with propargylic carbonates at room temperature to afford the alka-l, 2-dien-4-yne 14 (allenylalkyne) in good yield with catalysis by Pd(0) and Cul[5], The reaction can be explained by the transmetallation of the (7-allenylpailadium methoxide 4 with copper acetylides to form the allenyKalk-ynyl)palladium 13, which undergoes reductive elimination to form the allenyl alkyne 14. In addition to propargylic carbonates, propargylic chlorides and acetates (in the presence of ZnCb) also react with terminal alkynes to afford allenylalkynes[6], Allenylalkynes are prepared by the reaction of the alkynyl-oxiranes 15 with zinc acetylides[7]. 

In addition to alcohols, some other nucleophiles such as amines and carbon nucleophiles can be used to trap the acylpalladium intermediates. The o-viny-lidene-/j-lactam 30 is prepared by the carbonylation of the 4-benzylamino-2-alkynyl methyl carbonate derivative 29[16]. The reaction proceeds using TMPP, a cyclic phosphite, as a ligand. When the amino group is protected as the p-toluenesulfonamide, the reaction proceeds in the presence of potassium carbonate, and the f>-alkynyl-/J-lactam 31 is obtained by the isomerization of the allenyl (vinylidene) group to the less strained alkyne. 

The allenyl moiety (2,3-aikadienyl system) in the carbonylation products is a reactive system and further reactions such as intramolecular Diels-Alder and ene reactions are possible by introducing another double bond at suitable positions of the starting 2-alkynyl carbonates. For example, the propargylic carbonate 33 which has l,8(or 1.9)-diene-3-yne system undergoes tandem carbonylation and intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to afford the polycyclic compound 34 under mild conditions (60 C, 1 atm). The use of dppp as ligand is important. One of the double bonds of the allenyl ester behaves as part of the dieneflSj. 

The 2-(l-alkynyl)oxirane 78 reacts with an organozinc reagent yielding the /9-allenylic alcohol 79[35]. 

The 4-kcto group in the alkyne 262 as an enol form adds to the triple bond to give the furan 263[133], Even the conjugated keto alkyne 264 was converted into the furan 266 via isomerization to the allenyl ketone 265[134],... 

Table 2 illustrates 1,3-dipoles with a double bond and with internal octet stabilization, commonly referred to as the propargyl-allenyl anion type. These are all reactive dipoles and a large number of five-membered heterocycles can be constructed from these readily available dipoles, especially when the dipolarophile is varied to include heterocumulenes, etc. 

Table 2 1,3-Dipoles with a Double Bond and Internal Octet Stabilization Propargyl-allenyl Anion Type...

Tnfluoromethyl-substUuted 1,3-dipoles of the propargyl-allenyl type and trifluoromethyl-substituted nitrilium betaines. Tnfluoromethyl- [164, 765] and bis(trifluoromethy])-substituted [166, 167] nitrile ylides have been generated by different methods and trapped with various dipolarophiles to yield [3+2] [768] and [3+1] cycloadducts [769], respectively... 

In all cases, a general regularity is observed Major products are represented by 1,3-dioxolanes and 1,3-dioxanes with propargyl and allenyl substituents. 

The 1,3-dipoles consist of elements from main groups IV, V, and VI. The parent 1,3-dipoles consist of elements from the second row and the central atom of the dipole is limited to N or O [10]. Thus, a limited number of structures can be formed by permutations of N, C, and O. If higher row elements are excluded twelve allyl anion type and six propargyl/allenyl anion type 1,3-dipoles can be obtained. However, metal-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have only been explored for the five types of dipole shown in Scheme 6.2. 

Tliese observed stereoselectivites can be forcned by ryn addition at low temperatut [60a] to afford tlie E adduct Selective for temperatures, requires ritlier forenation allenyl etiolate or isomerization of tlie Z a stereoselective protonation. Recetit mecliat... 

Allenyl(trimethyl)silanes also react with aldehydes in the presence of titanium(IV) chloride to give the. vy -products with moderate syn stereoselectivity57. 

Acylsilanes of a variety of substitution patterns have been employed (9) in routes to allenyl silyl enol ethers. 

Allenyl Silyl enol ethers, 86 Allyl alcohol trimethylsilyl ether, 84 Allyl carbonates, 114-15 9 Allyl-ay 2 octalone, 34-5 2-Allyl-2 methylcyclohexanone, 106 (Allyldimethylsilyl)methyl chloride, 58, 59 (AUyldimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium chloride, 59... 

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