Alizarin red S

Colorimetric methods always include hafnium. Most methods employ a separation step such as solvent extraction. The three reagents used successfully are 8-hydroxyquinoline (88), alizarin red S (89), and catechol violet (90). 

Pregnant females were sacrificed by carbon dioxide anesthesia on day 21 of gestation the uterine horns were exteriorized through a midline incision in the abdominal wall, and the number and position of live, dead, and resorbed fetuses were noted. After being weighed and sexed, the fetuses were examined for external anomalies the crown-rump length was measured with a vernier caliper. Half of each litter was preserved in Bouin s solution and later examined for soft tissue anomalies (16) the other half was preserved in alcohol, cleared and stained with Alizarin red-S, and examined for skeletal abnormalities (2). 

The potentiometric method also surpasses the others for speed, simplicity, precision and accuracy as indicated in Table 12.1. Furthermore, it is particularly suited to the continuous monitoring of fluoride levels in drinking water. The spectrophotometric methods are lengthy because of the time required to develop a stable colour (up to 1 hour), the alizarin red-S complex being especially poor in this respect. It was noted, however, that for the three bleaching methods (1-3) the rate of change of absorbance by the blank closely followed that of solutions containing fluoride, i.e. the difference between the blank and a sample absorbance is nearly constant. 

Numerous experimental systems verified the theory of surface electrode reactions. Reductions of methylene blue [92], azobenzene [79, 82] alizarine red S [93], probucol [94], molybdenum(V)-fulvic acid complex [95], molybdeniun(VI)-1,10 phenanthroline-fulvic acid complex [96], indigo [97], and reduction of vana-dium(V) [98] at a mercury electrode are some of the examples for surface electrode... 

Cresol red Crystal Violet Malachite Green Methanil Yellow Thymol Blue Orange IV -2,4-Dinitrophenol -Erythrosin, Na2 salt -Dimethyl Yellow Cl 11020 Bromophenol Blue Congo Red Cl 22120 Methyl Orange Bromocresol Green Alizarin Red S Cl 42750 Methyl Red Cl 13020 -Bromocresol Purple Chlorophenol Red p-Nitrophenol Alizarin Bromothymol Blue Brillant Yellow Phenol Red Neutral Red Cl 50040 -m-NItrophenol -Cresol Red Metacresol Purple Phenolphthalein -Thymolphthalein -P-Naphthyl Violet Alizarin Yellow R 2,4,6-T rinitrotoluene... 

Rats are sacrificed on gestation day 20. Fetuses are removed by cesarean section after noting the number of resorptions, implantations, and normal fetuses. The size, weight, and any abnormality of each fetus are noted. Two-thirds of the fetuses are eviscerated and then preserved in absolute alcohol for staining with Alizarin Red S for skeletal assessment. The other one-third of the fetuses is fixed in Allen s modification of Bonin s fluid for slicing with a razor blade (Wilson s Technique) to evaluate visceral anomalies. 

Key words Skeletal examination. Alizarin Red S staining, Teratology, Preclinical methods, Developmental toxicity. Embryo-fetal development, Embryo-toxicity... 

This technique is required for any embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in the rat, mouse, rabbit, or minipig. Caesarean sections are performed on dams before birth. Fetuses are removed and examined externally. Further examinations are then performed to examine internal soft tissues (see Chapters 19 and 20) and skeleton. Fetuses intended for skeletal examinations are eviscerated and the carcasses are fixed. The Alizarin Red S staining process requires several days. The meticulous examination involves the examination of each fetal in a specific order starting from the head to the tail, with the fetus in ventral and dorsal positions. 

Immediately after the external and visceral examinations and before the Alizarin Red S staining, the fetuses may be kept in thymol solution, for up to 7 days for rat, mouse, and minipig fetuses and 10 days for rabbit fetuses. Thymol has proven antibacterial activity (4-6). 

Second bath 1% KOH + 0.005% Alizarin Red S at least 24 h. Third bath Mall solution at least 96 h. 

Alizarin Red S stain stock solution (1 g Alizarin Red S dissolved in 100 mL deionized water). 

Inouye M (1976) Differential staining of cartilage and bone in fetal mouse skeleton by alcian blue and alizarin red S. Cong Anom 16 171-173... 

A simple spot test was used for the identification of procaine, and other drugs [30], The method uses one or more of the following reagents 0.4% Alizarin red S (C.I. Mordant Red 3) in 20% acetic acid, 0.3% indigo carmine (C.I. Acid Blue 74), 0.4% indigo carmine in 30% acetic acid,... 

Dawson AB (1926) Note on the staining of the skeleton of cleared skeletal specimens with alizarin red S. Stain Technol, 1 123-124. 

Alizarin Red S (sodium salt, H2O) [130-22-3] M 360.3. Commercial samples contain large amounts of sodium and potassium chlorides and sulphates. It is purified by passing through a Sephadex G-10 column, followed by elution with water, then 50% aq EtOH [King and Pruden Analyst 93 601 7968]. 

Alizarin Red S [3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracene sulphonic acid, Na salt. H20 ]... 

Titration with Th(N03)4 to produce ThF4. End point detected with alizarin red S. 

Titration with Ba(OH)2 in 50 vol% aqueous methanol using alizarin red S as indicator. 

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