Algae Enteromorpha

Decomposition of the alga Enteromorpha in the presence of inorganic tin produces all the methyltin species25. Hydroponically grown S. altemiflora plants have been shown to accumulate Me3Sn+ from tin(IV)-treated media37. 

Alga, Enteromorpha linza whole, Raritan Bay, NJ Water Pb content 0.002 mg/L 18 DW 8... 

Donard, O.F.X., F.T. Short, and J.H. Weber. 1987. Regulation of tin and methyltin compounds by the green alga Enteromorpha under simulated estuarine conditions. Canad Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44-140-145. 

Table 5.5 Bond Angles (degrees) in Green Alga Enteromorpha prolifera17 and Poplar Plastocyanin18...

Nylund GM, Pavia H (2003) Inhibitory effects of red algal extracts on larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. Mar Biol 143 875-882 Patel P, Callow ME, Joint I, Callow JA (2003) Specificity in the settlement - modifying response of bacterial biofilms towards zoospores of the marine alga Enteromorpha. Environ Microbiol 5 338-349... 

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidleberg, pp 141-170 Callow ME, Callow JA (1998) Enhanced adhesion and chemoattraction of zoospores of the fouling alga Enteromorpha to some foul-release silicone elastomers. Biofouling 13 157-172... 

Ermilova EV, Zalutskaya ZM, Lapina TV, Nikitin MM (2003) Chemotactic behavior of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is altered during gametogenesis. Curr Microbiol 46 261-264 Finlay JA, Callow ME, Ista LK, Lopez GP, Callow JA (2002) The influence of surface wettability on the adhesion strength of settled spores of the green alga Enteromorpha and the diatom Amphora. Integr Comp Biol 42 1116-1122... 

Alga, Enteromorpha intestinalis] whole Oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis soft parts Crustaceans, whole Fishes, muscle Israel Acre Valley 1988-91 Molluscs soft parts Bivalves Gastropods... 

DM was first isolated as the chloride salt from a red marine alga Polysiphonia fastigiata (= P. lanosa) by Challenger and Simpson ( ). Subsequent studies showed that it was also present in the green marine algae Enteromorpha intestinalis (8.161 and Viva lactuca as well as numerous other macro algae (8.17.181. but concentrations were not reported. 

Zbikowski, R., P. Szefer, and A. Latala. 2006. Distribution and relationships between selected chemical elements in green alga Enteromorpha sp. from the southern Baltic. Environ. Pollut. 143 435-448. 

Pong, P., Boyer, K. E., and Zedler, J. B. (1998). Developing an indicator of nutrient enrichment in coastal estuaries and lagoons using tissue nitrogen content of the opportunistic alga, Enteromorpha intestinalis (L. Link). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 231, 63-79. 

Poller (498, 544) prepared a number of tributyl- and triphenyl-stan-nyl esters of sucrose hydrogenphthalate and succinate, and found that, as potential antifoulants, these were at least three times as effective against the marine alga, Enteromorpha, as bis(tributyltin) oxide, even though they contain almost one third the tin (see Table VIII). A new antifouling paint that also contains tributyltin compounds has recently been developed in Norway (645). 

In the most recent study, the crystal structure of plastocyanin from the green alga Enteromorpha prolifera PCu(II) has been reported to a resolution of 1.85 A (7). The /3-sandwich structure is virtually the same as that of poplar plastocyanin, with which it has a 56% sequence homology. Two of the residues (57 and 58), which are components of one of the two prominent kinks in poplar plastocyanin, are missing, and there is a resultant tightening up in the structure and change in position of the sole helical turn in the molecule. The dimensions of the Cu site in the two plastocyanins are, within the limits of precision, the same. An intramolecular H bond between two carboxylates, Glu 43 and Asp 53, has been noted and could explain the unusually high pilTa values ( 5) obtained for all Cu(II) plastocyanins (20). 

The strain A. flavus c-f-3, obtained from the Chinese marine alga Enteromorpha tubulosa, yielded two new 5-hydroxy-2-pyrones 82 and 83. Compound 82 induced the production of cAMP on GPR12-transfected CHO and HEK293 cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the compound might be a possible ligand for GPR12. 

Communesins A (70) and B (71) were originally isolated from the mycelia of a strain of Penicillium sp. adhering to the marine alga, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and reported to exhibit cytotoxic activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system in cell cultures [49], The ED50 values for 70 and 71 are reported to be 3.5 and 0.45 pg/ml, respectively, in the test system. 

Four new metabolites [penostatins A-D (44-47)] from the mycelium of a Penicillium originally separated from the common temperate green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis and cultured in distilled water medium, were identified by spectral analysis [83]. It is noteworthy that a culture of the same fungal strain in different conditions led to the isolation of alkaloids such as communesins (129-130) and penochalasins (131-133) [84,85]. 

Two new alkaloids, communesins A (129 an amorphous powder) and B (130 an amorphous powder) were isolated from the mycelium of a strain of Penicillium sp. (Trichocomacae) collected in Japan on the marine green alga Enteromorpha intestinalis. Their relative structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis [84]. 

Communesin A (15) and B (16) were first isolated from a strain of Penicillium sp. found growing on the marine alga Enteromorpha intestinalis in 1993 by Numata and coworkers [26]. Subsequently, six other members (communesin C, D, E, F (17), G, H) were identified (Fig. 2). All communesins show potent cytotoxicity against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells, among which communesin B is the most biologically active [27]. 

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