Alert odors

Miiller-Schwarze, D., Altieri, R., and Porter, N. (1984). Alert odor from skin gland in deer. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10,1707-1729. 

Methoxy-3-alkylpyrazines Evocative, alerting odor to herbivores and predators — 214... 

R. Altieri, and N. Porter Alert Odor from Skin Glands in Deer. J. Chem. Ecol. 10,1707-1729 (1984). 

Clinical signs and symptoms from mustard (H/HD) are not apparent until hours later skin blisters might not appear for up to twenty-four hours, but tissue damage occurs within two minutes. If decontamination is not done within the first two minutes after exposure, nothing can be done to prevent a mustard injury. Since mustard (H/HD) can be detected by human beings by smell in concentrations of 0.6 to 1.0 mg/m3 as a garlic, horseradish, or mustard odor an alert person will most likely smell the mustard vapor before encountering the liquid. 

Thioether. Mustard agent received its name because of garlic, horseradish, or mustard odor that can be detected by smell. The human nose can detect mustard (H, HD) in concentrations of 0.6 to 1.0 mg/m3. It must be understood that until recently, the U.S. military had no automatic vapor/liquid detection capability. Therefore, alert soldiers would most likely smell the agent vapor before encountering the liquid (after release, H or HD appears as a thick, colorless or pale yellow liquid HL, or mustard/lewisite mixture, appears as a dark oily cloud that can be detected visually). 

Despite widespread use as an Insecticide, nematoclde, and Intermediate In chemical processes, the toxic potential of PS has not been fully evaluated. Absence of lethal effects may well be explained by Its powerful odor, which alerts workers to Its presence In contaminated areas. Anlmal-toxlclty data suffer from variations In the methods used. One long-term study of carcinogenicity In rats was unsatisfactory because of high early mortality. 

THT is a commercial material employed primarily for odorizing household cooking gas in order to alert against leakage. 

Generally faster Approximately Up to 1 h search duration (with conditioning) per dog before break Not widely available, typically run individually Not trained to I.D. with different alerts A potential factor Generally 6-8 years Late emerging Odorant chemicals/mostly unknown... 

The common VOCs observed in the SPME-GC headspace analysis of the explosive samples were presented individually, and combined, to previously trained and certified explosive detection canines that previously had only encountered actual explosives in training and certification. Chemicals that illicit a response from certified explosive detection canines can be considered explosive odorants, whereas chemicals to which canines do not alert may be considered as inactive VOCs. It should be noted that an inactive VOC might still have the potential to enhance the response by a canine to known odorants. In addition, inactive VOCs for the canines tested might be odorants to other canines trained in different ways and with different target materials. Finally, inactive VOCs might be useful target vapor chemicals for instrumental detectors. 

DMNB was determined not to be an odorant by the majority of the canine population tested. On three separate field trials, there was not one alert to the DMNB source involving different canine teams and different amounts of DMNB ranging from 100 xg to 5 mg. Although this was not observed to be an odorant, it is recommended that DMNB be included in a training aid selection because of its sole application in the tagging of low-vapor-pressure explosives. 

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