Aldehyde common names

Aldehydes are named using either the common system or the IUPAC system. Aldehyde common names are derived from the common names of the corresponding carboxylic acid. For example ... 

Properties ef Some Simple Aldehydes Common Name Formula Normal bp (°C)... 

Cerfain common names of familiar aldehydes are accepfable as lUPAC names A few examples include... 

The common names and structural formulas of a few aldehydes follow Provide an lUPAC name... 

Each of the following aldehydes or ketones is known by a common name Its substitutive lUPAC name is provided in parentheses Wnte a stmctural formula for each one... 

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

A cyanohydrin is an organic compound that contains both a cyanide and a hydroxy group on an aUphatic section of the molecule. Cyanohydrias are usually a-hydroxy nitriles which are the products of base-cataly2ed addition of hydrogen cyanide to the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The lUPAC name for cyanohydrias is based on the a-hydroxy nitrile name. Common names of cyanohydrias are derived from the aldehyde or ketoae from which they are formed (Table 1). 

Resoles are usually those phenolics made under alkaline conditions with an excess of aldehyde. The name denotes a phenol alcohol, which is the dominant species in most resoles. The most common catalyst is sodium hydroxide, though lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxides or oxides are also frequently used. Amine catalysis is also common. Occasionally, a Lewis acid salt, such as zinc acetate or tin chloride will be used to achieve some special property. Due to inclusion of excess aldehyde, resoles are capable of curing without addition of methylene donors. Although cure accelerators are available, it is common to cure resoles by application of heat alone. 

A few simple and well-known aldehydes have common names that are recognized by RJPAC. Several that you might encounter are listed in Table 19.1. 

Table 19.1 Common Names of Some Simple Aldehydes...

Since aldehydes and ketones are polar, they can act as polar solvents. Because of the non-polar hydrocarbon part of their molecules, aldehydes and ketones can also act as solvents for non-polar compounds. For example, 2-propanone (common name acetone) is an important organic solvent in the chemical industry. 

The aldehyde signature, -C-H (written also as -CHO, but never -COH), is always located at the end of the carbon chain. Common names for aldehydes are derived from the corresponding acid to which they are converted by further oxidation. The suffix ic acid is simply changed to -aldehyde ... 

Write Ihe lUPAC names of Ihe following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever possible, give also common names. 

Aldehydes use the parent name of their corresponding alkanes and the ending al. Therefore, the simplest aldehyde is meth-anal, but it goes by its common name formaldehyde. Aldehydes and ketones are often produced by the oxidation of alcohols. For example, formaldehyde is produced by the oxidation of methanol according to the following reaction ... 

Common names replace the suffix -ic (-oic or -oxylic) and the word acid of the corresponding carboxylic acids by -aldehyde. Locations of substituents on chains are designated by Greek letters ... 

A Schiff base is the common name for the (usually acyclic) imine product of the reaction of a primary aryl amine with an aldehyde or ketone. These imines are stable if there is at least one aryl group on the imino nitrogen or on the imino carbon (54). A cyclidene is generically a cyclic, multidentate imine. 

Alcohol, Tribe sic. See Glycerin or Glycerol Alcool (Fr,or Ital). Alcohol Aldehyde is an organic compd contg the monovalent — CHO radical. It is also the common name for acetaldehyde. This and other aldehydes are described under individual names, such as benzaldehyde, formaldehyde, etc... 

You should be able to recognize and give the common name for the simple aldehydes and ketones shown below. 

The carbonyl group, C=0, is present in both aldehydes (RCH=0) and ketones (R2C=0). The IUPAC ending for naming aldehydes is -a/, and numbering begins with the carbonyl carbon. The ending for the names of ketones is -one, and the longest chain is numbered as usual. Common names are also widely used. Nomenclature is outlined in Sec. 9.1. 

In naming aldehydes, name the parent alkane, remove the -e, and add -al. For example, an aldehyde having one carbon atom is called methanal. Its common name is formaldehyde. 

The nomenclature of the aromatic aldehydes is somewhat confusing because in the past a number of different conventions were used in the naming of organic compounds. While some, such as cyclamen aldehyde, and vanillin, are usually referred to by their common names, others are referred to either by a single chemical name or by a number of different chemical synonyms. 

Working across the preceding pages from left to right, we may derive from the four aldehydes at least one of the chemical names for each of the remaining products. (These are only shown when commonly used.) Anisaldehyde, for example, is sometimes referred to as para-methoxy benzaldehyde, and vanillin can be referred to aspara-hydroxy-/raeta-methoxy benzaldehyde, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde. (Not surprisingly the common name is the one preferred.)... 

If the hydroboration reaction is to be used to convert 1-alkynes into aldehydes, some way to stop the addition at the vinylborane stage is needed. The problem is that there is not enough steric hindrance at the end carbon of the vinylborane. The solution is to build extra steric hindrance into the other alkyl groups attached to the boron of the vinylborane. A borane, R2BH, with two bulky R groups already attached to the boron is used as the hydroboration reagent. One such reagent is prepared by the reaction of two equivalents of 2-methyl-2-butene (also known by the common name of isoamylene) with borane to produce a dialkylborane called di si amyl borane (a shortened version of diisoamylborane) ... 

Common names for simple aldehydes are frequently encountered. These common names are derived from the common names for the related carboxylic acid (see Section 12.4) by replacing the suffix -ic acid with the suffix -aldehyde. Thus, the aldehyde related to acetic acid is acetaldehyde. If the carbonyl group of an aldehyde is attached to a ring system, the compound can be named as a hydrocarbon with the suffix -carbaldehyde. (Some sources use -carboxaldehyde.)... 

Common Names As with other classes of compounds, ketones and aldehydes are often called by common names instead of their systematic IUPAC names. Ketone common names are formed by naming the two alkyl groups bonded to the carbonyl... 

Name the following ketones and aldehydes. When possible, give both a common name and an IUPAC name. 

Certain dimple and well-known aldehyde have common names that are recotpiized by lUPAC. Some of the more important common names are given in E9.1. 

The aldol condensation can also be brought about with acid catalysis. There are many aldol-like reactions which involve an aldehyde or ketone. However, the word aldol is a common name for the product of these reactions. Generally, the word aldol is used to refer to any P-hydroxyaldehyde or (3-hydroxyketone. For example, treatment of acetone with a base results in the aldol reaction. The product, -hydroxyketone 3.14, is separated from the reaction mixture as it is formed. 

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