Alcoholates, preparation from hydrates

Isopropyl alcohol is prepared from petroleum by hydration of propene With a boil mg point of 82°C isopropyl alcohol evaporates quickly from the skin producing a cool mg effect Often containing dissolved oils and fragrances it is the major component of rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol possesses weak antibacterial properties and is used to maintain medical instruments m a sterile condition and to clean the skin before minor surgery... 

Terpine hydrate, CioHig(OH)3 + HjO, is a crystalline alcohol resulting from the action of dilute mineral acids on either pinene or limonene. It can be prepared by several different methods, of W hich the following is typical A mixture of 8 parts of oil or turpentine, 2 parts of alcohol, and 2 parts of nitric acid of specific gravity 1 255 IS allowed to stand for several days in a flat basin. After standing for a few days the mother liquor is poured off from the crystals of terpine hydrate, and neutralised with an alkali, after which a second crop of crystals is obtained. 

Although this material contains a small amount of the symmetrical dihydrazide, which is not easily eliminated on crystallization, it is entirely satisfactory for use as a reagent for the isolation of ketones. A purer product, m. p. 192°, with decomposition, can be obtained by adding the solution prepared from ethyl chloroacetate and trimethylamine to an alcoholic solution containing a considerable excess of the hydrazine hydrate. 

Anhydrous lanthanum and praseodymium trichlorides have been prepared from the hydrates by transforming them into alcohol solvates and breaking them down at 150-180°C in a vacuum 131). 

Dichloroacetamide has been prepared from ethyl dichloroace-tate with alcoholic ammonia1 or aqueous ammonium hydroxide,2 from ethyl dichloromalonate and alcoholic ammonia,3 by the action of ammonia on pentachloroacetone,4 chloral cyanohydrin,5 and hexachloro-i,3,5-cyclohexanetrione,6 from chloral ammonia and potassium cyanide,7 by the action of hydrogen chloride on dichloroacetonitrile,8 from the reaction of asparagine with the sodium salt of N-chloro- -toluenesulfonamide,9 and by the action of an alkali cyanide and ammonia on chloral hydrate.10... 

Rhodium and iridium nanoparhcles entrapped in aluminum oxyhydroxide nanofibers were shown by Park et al. to be suitable catalysts for the hydrogenation of arenes and ketones at room temperature, with hydrogen at ambient pressure [103]. Rhodium in aluminum oxyhydroxide [Rh/A10(0H)] and iridium in aluminum oxyhydroxide [Ir/A10(0H)], were simply prepared from readily available reagents such as RhCls and IrCls hydrates, 2-butanol and Al(O-sec-Bu) at 100°C. Substrates such as cyclopentanone, 2-heptanone, ethyl pyruvate, acetone and 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone were reduced to the corresponding alcohols either in n-hexane at room temperature (maximum TOF 99 h" for ethyl pyruvate) or in solventless conditions at 75 °C using 4 atm of H2 (maximum TOF 660h" for acetone, 330 for 2-heptanone). 

Imines and (Af,(9)-acetals from fluoral are useful precursors of trifluoromethyl nitrogen-containing molecules amines, amino alcohols, amino acids, peptidomimetic units, heterocycles, and so on (Figure 2.50). These simple Af-derivatives of fluoral are easily prepared from the hydrate or the hemiacetal. Imines of fluoral react in [2 + 1 ]... 

A major limitation on the production of alcohols by olefin hydration is the fact that the products consist almost solely of secondary or tertiary alcohols (excepting, of course, ethyl alcohol). The normal or primary alcohols are made by other means (but also from petroleum hydrocarbons). It appears more difficult to prepare C5 and higher alcohols by the hydration of olefins since they are produced commercially by other means. One of the problems encountered (81) is excessive polymerization of the higher olefins when contacted with aqueous sulfuric acid. 

Ureas. Urea adducts (and those of the closely related A-alkylated derivatives) may be prepared from nonaqueous solvents alternatively, preparation in aqueous alcoholic solution leads to the formation of hydrates. In contrast to the carbamides discussed above, there is relatively little variability in the coordination number of reported urea adducts of tetravalent actinides. Most complexes are either six- or seven-coordinate higher coordination numbers are observed for the larger thorium ion (Table 15). 

Preparation. - By Addition to Alkenes. Triethylborane and phenyl-borinic acid have been found to catalyse hydroalumination of alkenes, and reaction of the intermediate alane with atmospheric oxygen efficiently furnished alcohols resulting from anti-Markovnikov hydration.1 Procedures for the preparation of methylborane and dimethylborane and their use in the synthesis of... 

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