Albumin in serum

Methyl paraoxon may also be made unavailable by binding to noncritical tissue and plasma constituents (Benke and Murphy 1975), including cholinesterase (Parkinson 1996). In addition, the parent compound is bound to albumin, in serum, as discussed previously in Section 3.4.2.4, but this binding does not appear to limit the availability of methyl parathion to the tissues, indicating that it is reversible. Tissue binding appears to be more important than serum binding (Braeckman et al. 1980, 1983). 

Starburst (TM) dendrimers with DTPA can contain 170 bound Gd(III) ions and have relaxivities (per bound Gd) up to 6 times that of Gd-DTPA (308). Both global and local motion contribute to the overall rotational correlation time. Attempts have been made to increase the re-laxivity of Gd(III) by optimizing the rotational correlation time via binding of Gd(III) to derivatized polysaccharides (309) and by binding lipophilic complexes to albumin in serum (310). The latter approach has achieved relaxivities as high as 44.2 mM l s1 for derivatized 72 (311). 

T. Ikeda, Two Prodrugs Activated by Serum Esterases Including Albumin , in Serum Albumin and rAcid Glycoprotein From Basic Sciences to Clinical Applications , Eds. M. Otagiri, Y. Sugiyama, B. Testa, J. P. Tillement, University of Kumamoto, 2001, p. 173-180. 

Steck TL, Ye J, Lange Y. Probing red cell membrane cholesterol movement with cyclodextrin. Biophys. J. 2002 83 2118-2125. Estronca LMBB, Moreno MJ, Laranjinha JAN, Almeida LM, Vaz WLC. Kinetics and thermodynamics of lipid amphiphiles exchange between lipoproteins and albumin in serum. Biophys. J. 2005 88 557-565. 

Calcium is an electrolyte in extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid and assists in nerve impulse transmission, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and formation of teeth and bone. Calcium combines with phosphate in bone and albumin in serum. 

The magnitudes of preanaiyticai sources of variation are clearly not equal for different analytes (see Chapter 17).Mt could therefore be argued that we should consider only those factors that cause unwanted variation in the biological quantity for which we want to produce reference values. Body posture during specimen collection is, for instance, highly relevant for the establishment of reference values for non-diffiisible analytes, such as albumin in serum, but irrelevant for establishment of serum sodium values. ... 

Based on the international protein reference CRM 470, the recommended interim reference interval for albumin in serum of adults 20 to 60 years of age is 35 to 52g/L (3.5 to 5.2 g/dL). Albumin levels reach adult levels around 20 to 30 weeks of gestation and remain relatively constant until at least 20 years of age. Levels then slowly decrease with age in both sexes. Levels are lower in individuals living in the subtropics and tropics, probably because of higher immunoglobulin levels secondary to infection or parasitic infestation. Levels are very posture dependent, increasing by up to 10% to 15% if the individual is standing. 

Testosterone and SHBG exhibit rhythmic variations m their circulating concentrations. Testosterone concentrations peak at approximately 0400 to 0800 hours and nadir concentrations occur at between 1600 and 2000 hours. Daily variations in SHBG concentrations are similar to those of other proteins and albumin in serum, with major changes related to posture. Concentrations of SHBG are elevated with hyperthyroidism and in hypogonadal men. ... 

In a 1994 ethanol ingestion study with five volunteers, EAEEs were shown to be bound to lipoproteins and albumin in serum (Fig. 2) (Doyle, 1994). A higher percentage of saturated fatty acids was found in the FAEE pool than in the serum free fatty acid or... 

A second method uses sodium periodate (NaI04) as the oxidant in the presence of the readily available protein bovine serum albumin. In this procedure, the sulfide is complexed in the chiral envirorunent of the protein. Although the oxidant is achiral, it encounters the sulfide in a chiral envirorunent in which the two faces of the sulfide are differentiated. 

Kern et al83, 84 carried out hydrolyses of peptides, such as glycylvarylalanine, glycyltryptophan and bovine serum albumin, in the presence of polyethylenesulfonic acid 38 (HPES) and 37 (HPSt) in the aqueous homogeneous systems. The observed acceleration factors ranged between 3 to 50. 

FIGURE 9.6 DSC of (a) recombinant resilin in water showing no enthalpic events, (b) bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) showing denaturing occurring at 62°C, and (c) wool fiber in water showing denaturing of the a-helix at 145°C (Endotherm up). 

A unique method of formulating delivery systems based on starch/ PLA systems was studied (138). In that approach, the goal was to provide a better matrix for delivery of high molecular weight hydrophilic molecules. A hydrophilic material, starch, was combined through graft polymerization to PLA. The carbolactic polymers were then used to entrap bovine serum albumin in microspheres. 

The free fatty acid uptake by tissues is related directly to the plasma free fatty acid concentration, which in turn is determined by the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue. After dissociation of the fatty acid-albumin complex at the plasma membrane, fatty acids bind to a membrane tty acid transport protein that acts as a transmembrane cotransporter with Na. On entering the cytosol, free fatty acids are bound by intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins. The role of these proteins in intracellular transport is thought to be similar to that of serum albumin in extracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids. 

Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1986). Antioxidant properties of the proteins caeruloplasmin, albumin and transferrin. A study of their activity in serum and synovial fluid fiom patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 869, 119-127. 

Figure 1. Typical chromatograms for (- -)F-PHEA in the presence of serum albumin (-o-) serum albumin in perfusate and (-x-)F-PHEA following curve stripping of the data.

A study of 137 lead-exposed workers found that of various indices of exposure, time integrated index of PbB was the best predictor of variation in serum P2 1 -globulin, serum -globulin, and urinary albumin... 

Fig. 4. Backscattered Raman and ROA spectra of the n-helical protein human serum albumin in H20 (top pair) and the /3-sheet protein jack bean concanavalin A in acetate buffer solution at pH 5.4, together with MOLSCRIPT diagrams (Kraulis, 1991) of their X-ray crystal structures (PDB codes lao6 and 2cna). 

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