Airways models

Bell, K.A. (1978). Local particle deposition in respiratory airway models. In Recent Developments in Aerosol Science (Shaw, D.T., Ed.). Wiley New York, pp. 97-134. 

Studies that have measured the uptake of pollutant and irritant gases in different regions of the respiratory tract of animals and man and in experimental airway models provide the most useful data for development and verification of gas transport... 

A realistic boundary condition must account for the solubility of the gas in the mucus layer. Because ambient and most experimental concentrations of pollutant gases are very low, Henry s law (y Hx) can be used to relate the gas- and liquid-phase concentrations of the pollutant gas at equilibrium. Here y is the partial pressure of the pollutant in the gas phase expressed as a mole fraction at a total pressure of 1 atm x is the mole fraction of absorbed gas in the liquid and H is the Henry s law constant. Gases with high solubilities have low H value. When experimental data for solubility in lung fluid are unavailable, the Henry s law constant for the gas in water at 37 C can be used (see Table 7-1). Gas-absorption experiments in airway models lined with water-saturated filter paper gave results for the general sites of uptake of sulfur dioxide... 

Gas-transport models, 280 airway models to verify, 283, 285 lung, 285-93... 

Oldham MJ, Phalen RF, Heistracher T. Computational fluid dynamics predictions and experimental results for particle deposition in an airway model. Aerosol Sci Technol 2000 32 61-71. 

Kim CS, Eldridge MA. Aerosol deposition in the airway model with excessive mucus secretions. J Appl Physiol 1985, 59, 1766-1772. 

Basic Facts about Asthma. Patient s knowledge is improved. The anatomy of the lungs and bronchi and the manner in which inflammation can lead to airway hyperreactivity and bronchoconstriction should be explained in easy-to-understand terms. The link between allergic inflammation and bronchoconstriction should be clarified. Patients may be instructed to use two basic types of medications bronchodilatory (relievers) and anti-inflammatory (controllers) medications. Charts and airway models can clarify the programme. 

Kim CS, Brown LK, Lewars GC, Sackner MA. Deposition of aerosol particles and flow resistance in mathematical and experimental airway models. J Appl Physiol 1983 55 154-163. 

Neuringer IP, Mannon RB, Coffman TM, et al. Immune cells in a mouse airway model of obliterative bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998 19 379-386. 

Machado MC, Tarquinio KM, Webster TJ. Decreased Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation on nanomodified endotracheal tubes a dynamic airway model. Int J Nanomed... 

As shown from measurements in airway models or theories using modifications of the friction coefficients, the vast majority of the pressure drop across the entire lung occurs within the large airways, say 0 n 8. I us clinical evaluation of total airway resistance can miss diseases of the small airways whose diameters are less than 2 mm, the so-called silent zone of the network. Pressure drop measurements and models are also important for the design of ventilators and other respiratory assist or therapeutic devices that interface with lung mechanics. 

Other CC chemokines are likely also important in the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation. MCP-3 (MARC/FIC) was originally isolated from mast cells, which would immediately center a role for this eosinophil chemoattractant on early allergic responses. Depletion of MCP-3 in allergic airway models has demonstrated a significant role for this molecule on eosinophil recruitment to the airways (39). In addition, studies in our own laboratory examining the role of other CC chemokines, specifically MIP-la, have demonstrated that it is not only important in mononuclear recruitment... 

Fig. 38 Schematic of geometry of the triple bifurcation airway model (Mazaheri and Ahmadi )...

Zhang, Z. and Kleinstreuer, C. (2004). Airflow Structures and Nano-Particle Deposition in a Human Upper Airway Model. J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 198, pp. 178-210. 

Zhang, Z., Kleinstreuer, C., and Kim, C.S. (2001b). Flow Structure and Particle Transport in a Triple Bifurcation Airway Model. J. Fluid Eng. Trans. ASME, Vol. 123, pp. 320-330. 

Future work incorporating unsteady inhalation and expiration cycle is intended, to look at the full breathing effect on the tongue dynamics. Ultimately, a realistic pharyngeal airway model is also intended to be used for further fluid-structure interaction investigation. 

Kim CS, Iglesias AJ. Deposition of inhaled particles in bifurcating airway models 1. Inspiratory deposition. J Aerosol Med 1989 2 1-14. 

---