Aircraft cruising

This rating is termed the aviation octane rating (F-3) and is used to simulate lean fuel/air conditions experienced during aircraft cruise operation. The number is determined by ASTM D-2700 MON (motor octane number) procedure and converted to the aviation rating. 

NOx emissions from subsonic aircraft flying in the troposphere and the lowermost stratosphere lead to a significant increase in ozone in the upper troposphere. Emissions of NOx and H20 from supersonic aircraft cruising in the stratosphere are calculated to decrease the column abundance of O3. The effects of aircraft emissions are found to be strongly dependent on flight altitudes and on assumed emission indices for NOx. 

Figure 2 Modeled change in zonal mean NOy mixing ratio in July 2015 [pptv] due to sub- and supersonic aircraft (cruising altitude 18 km), a) E.l.NOx=5, b) E.l.NOx=10 for supersonic aircraft.

Supersonic aircraft cruise in the lower stratosphere, and their jet engines convert molecular oxygen and ni-... 

Both the Power Industry and the petrochemical industries use the aircraft-type turbine. The Power Industry uses these units in a combined cycle mode for power generation especially in remote areas where the power requirements are less than 100 MW. The petrochemical industry uses these types of turbines on offshore platforms especially for gas re-injection, and as power plants for these offshore platforms, mostly due to their compactness and the ability to be easily replaced and then sent out to be repaired. The aeroderivative gas turbine also is used widely by gas transmission companies and petrochemical plants, especially for many variable speed mechanical drives. These turbines are also used as main drives for Destroyers and Cruise Ships. The benefits of the aeroderivative gas turbines are ... 

Adhesive strength is evaluated at room temperature as well as at the extreme temperatures of —65°F and 180°F. Aircraft structure can reach —65°F at cruise altitudes and 180°F on the ground in a hot, sunny location. The types of toughened epoxies commonly used for metal bond adhesives have glass transition temperatures not much greater than 200°F, so properties fall off drastically at higher temperatures. 

Schulte, P., H. Schlager, H. Ziereis, U. Schumann, S. L. Baughcum, and F. Deidewig, NO, Emission Indices of Subsonic Long-Range Jet Aircraft at Cruise Altitude In Situ Measurements and Predictions, . /. Geophys. Res., 102, 21431-21442 (1997). 

Karcher, B., M. M. Hirschberg, and P. Fabian, Small-Scale Chemical Evolution of Aircraft Exhaust Species at Cruising Altitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15169-15190 (1996). 

Schulte, P and H. Schlager, In-Flight Measurements of Cruise Altitude Nitric Oxide Emission Indices of Commercial Jet Aircraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 165-168 (1996). 

Mounting of the cloud water collectors on the aircraft is a critical issue because flow-field effects can easily distort the size distribution of drops. If at all possible, the collector should be mounted on a pylon so that the collector is in the free airstream. Substantially greater efficiencies can be achieved if the collector is mounted with a forward inclination of about 12° to 15° relative to a perpendicular from the aircraft longitudinal centerline. This kind of mounting accounts for the nose-up attitude at which most aircraft fly under cruise conditions and also provides a component of the airstream to drive impacted cloud droplets down the rod into the collection vessel, minimizing losses due to blow-off (28). 

The scenarios for aircraft emissions are from the NASA data base [1]. Emissions of NOx and water vapour from sub- and supersonic aircraft were considered. For the projected fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft, different emission indices for NOx and cruising altitudes were assumed. 

Figure 1 shows perturbations in water vapour for July. Only in the dry regime of the stratosphere the perturbations can be significant in relative terms. In the maximum, relative increases in zonal mean H2O due to supersonic aircraft are between 10% and 20%, strongly depending on cruising altitudes. 

Figure I Modeled change in zonal mean H20 mixing ratio in July 2015 [ppbv] due to a) subsonic aircraft. The effect of sub- and supersonic aircraft (E.I.NOx=5) combined is shown for different supersonic cruising altitudes b) 16 km, c) 18 km, and d) 20 km.

The model results obtained in this study suggest that future aircraft emissions will have a significant impact on levels of NOx, stratospheric water vapor, and ozone in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. The effect of future supersonic aircraft depends strongly on the cruising altitude assumed for the supersonic fleet. 

TABLE 4. Types of experiments used in the study. For supersonic aircraft, Z (km) indicates the cruising altitude with emission index (EI=g of NO, emitted/kg of burnt fuel). 

India Declared in June 1997 that it possessed a chemical weapons stockpile. Has begun to destroy its stockpile under the CWC. Its industry retains the ability to produce agent precursors - chemicals that can be used in chemical weapons production. Delivery systems include short-range anti-ship cruise missiles, air-launched tactical missiles, fighter aircraft, artillery and rockets. 

Svensson, F., Hasselrot, A., Moldanova, J. (2004). Reduced environmental impact by lowered cruise altitude for liquid hydrogen-fuelled aircraft. Aerospace Sci. Tech. 8, 307-320. 

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