Agriculture product markets

Den Ouden, M., A.A. Dijkhuizen, R.B.M. Huirne and P.J.P. Zuurbier, 1996. Vertical cooperation in agricultural production-marketing chains, with special reference to product differentiation in pork. Agribusiness 12,277-290. 

Fig. 1. United States agricultural crop markets for manufactured controlled release fertilizers, 1990. (a) Total percentage ( 14 million) of market value by crop and (b) total percentage (6,800 t) of consumption by product type. IBDU is isobutyUdene diurea PCF, polymer-coated fertilizer UF,...

Human studies (including estimations of occupational and environmental exposure, epidemiological investigations, post-marketing surveillance for medicines, cosmetics and household and agricultural products, and the ethical and properly controlled use of human volunteers) [6]. 

Post-marketing surveillance for medicines, cosmetics and household or agricultural products... 

Schuphan W (1972) Effects of application of inorganic and organic manures on market quality and on biological value of agricultural products . Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles, 21, 381-398. 

In the previous section we examined the development of the European market for organic agricultural products and the inter-relationship between supply and demand factors within the market. In this section we draw on current work being carried out on organic and low input food supply chains in Europe (http //www.qlif.org/). We examine more closely the consumer of organic foods and ask what factors influence consumers to choose organic... 

This chapter aims to illustrate the role and importance of ethical (fair) trade in the agricultural production chain. Towards that, we will initially analyse the organic market and will illustrate the role of the accreditation schemes and the local certification bodies. This is followed by a section on ethical (fair) trade discussing the evolution of the concept(s) and their association with organic production. The last sections examine the view of the stakeholders and selected supply chain members in relation to ethical (fair) trade, before drawing relevant conclusions. 

Ethanol in the past has been used commercially to synthesize dozens of other high-volume chemical commodities. However, at present, it has been substituted in many applications by less costly petrochemical feedstocks, e.g., ethylene. The availability of low-cost ethanol and the rising cost of ethylene, however, may change this scenario. For example, there is interest in producing ethylene from ethanol [71-73], while the opposite reaction is commercially current. Already, in markets with abundant agricultural products, but a less developed petrochemical infrastructure, such as the People s Republic of China, Pakistan, India, and Brazil, ethanol can be used to produce chemicals, including ethylene and butadiene, that would be produced from petroleum in the West. For example, ethanol may substitute alkenes for the alkylation of aromatics [82]. 

Biofuels offer a number of technical and enviromnental benefits over conventional fossil fuels, which make them attractive as alternatives for the transport sector. The benefits include greenhouse gas reductions including reduced carbon dioxide emissions, which will contribute to domestic and international targets, the diversification of the fuel sector, biodegradability, sustainability, and an additional market for agricultural products. Biofuels help to protect and create jobs. Table 3.1 shows the major benefits of biofuels. 

The second topic addressed is that of the American farmer. The remarks of one farmer at the Com Utilization Conference in November, 1988 (Columbus, Ohio) defined the situation "The soil and rainfall on my farm in Colorado are not good enough to compete with those in South America we have to find new applications for agricultural products". Perhaps because he was not a traditional farmer (he had entered farming as a result of land acquisitions and resigned from a marketing position with an electronics company), he clearly saw the marketing need. One of the objectives of the annual Corn Utilization... 

Insect resistance and environmental pollution due to the repeated application of persistent synthetic chemical insecticides have led to an Increased interest in the discovery of new chemicals with which to control Insect pests. Synthetic insecticides, including chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphorus esters, carbamates, and synthetic pyrethroids, will continue to contribute greatly to the increases in the world food production realized over the past few decades. The dollar benefit of these chemicals has been estimated at about 4 per 1 cost (JJ. Nevertheless, the repeated and continuous annual use in the United States of almost 400 million pounds of these chemicals, predominantly in the mass agricultural insecticide market (2), has become problematic. Many key species of insect pests have become resistant to these chemicals, while a number of secondary species now thrive due to the decimation of their natural enemies by these nonspecific neurotoxic insecticides. Additionally, these compounds sometimes persist in the environment as toxic residues, well beyond the time of their Intended use. New chemicals are therefore needed which are not only effective pest... 

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