Agricultural waste, availability

Electric power generation using biomass as a fuel is economic in situations where the cost of the fuel is competitive with that of fossil fuels. The cost of a commercially available biomass steam—electric power plant is about 1500/kW for a wood-fired facility. If wood can be obtained at a cost of 2.00/GJ ( 2.10 X 10 /Btu), the total cost of power for base-load operation would be about 0.05/kWh. If wood or agricultural wastes are available at... 

Agricultural wastes are disperse in character and of small total volume, and are best utilized on the farm. Municipal solid waste constitutes a disposal problem (12-20 million tonnes per year in Canada), thereby providing an incentive for its use. On the other hand, its heterogeneity (70-80% organic content) and availability in useful quantities only in large urban centres are disadvantages. 

Constructed wetlands are commercially available through a number of vendors and have been used to treat water contaminated with acid mine drainage, explosives, hydrocarbons, chlorinated solvents, phenols, agricultural wastes, and sewage. The RIMS2000 database discnsses the other applications-constructed wetlands technology in summary number T0178. 

The raw material for furfural is an agricultural waste. It is therefore readily available in unlimited quantities (largest manufacturer at the present time is the Quaker Oats Co.). The price of furfural has remained surprisingly constant during the period of... 

In principle, monosaccharides and their conversion products including furfural can be isolated from sulfite spent liquors. Because of the complicated separation technique needed and since alternative raw material sources, such as wood and agricultural wastes are available, these processes have so far been of very limited practical interest. Because of their carbohydrate content, sulfite spent liquors find use either directly or after some fractionation as a feed component for cattle. 

Diluents, sometimes known as inerts or carriers, play an important role in the behavior of the formulated product. Diluents have been prepared from agricultural wastes such as walnut shells, pecan shells, tobacco stems, and corncobs from minerals such as kaolinite, attapulgite, and talc and from fossilized deposits such as diatom beds. The exact diluent used in a given preparation depends on cost, properties, and availability. Dusts require low sorptive inerts to minimize the toxicant-diluent interaction. For WPs, inerts must be high in sorptive power because they carry a large amount of toxicant especially when the toxicant is a liquid. Otherwise, the formulated product would be likely to cake badly in storage. It is required that a diluent must be truly inert. However, formulators often find that an inert diluent contains hot spots or alkalinity to inactivate part of the toxicant. In this case, urea can be used as a deactivator to counteract the undesirable effects in some dust and wettable formulations (Terriere, 1982). 

Diminishing raw material supplies and therefore increasing need to use natural gas, bottoms, syngas, coal, biomass, agricultural waste, and other available resources. 

CAS 67-48-1. (CH3)3N(Cl)CH2CH2OH. Animal-feed additive derived from agricultural waste or made synthetically. Available as 50% dry feed grade and 70% solution. 

Further analysis of the available water shows that the blue water locked up in lakes and reservoirs and green water-rainfall water have become increasingly polluted with human, industrial and agricultural wastes and cosmetic chemicals. Most of Africa s largest rivers are severely fragmented by dams, diversions and canals, leading to the degradation of ecosystems. Rapid urbanization in municipahties adds increased pressure on Water Quality. 

Another advantage of ETBE is that it can be made from renewable ethanol. This would in turn reduce the dependence on oil imports and create additional markets for agricultural wastes and biomass. The possibility of utilization of azeotropic ethanol (96.5 wt%) or subazeotropic ethanol (80-85 wt%) could increase further the availability, and reduce the cost of ethanol for ETBE production. To sum the advantages of ETBE production ... 

---