Agricultural and pharmaceutical

Chloroacetate esters are usually made by removing water from a mixture of chloroacetic acid and the corresponding alcohol. Reaction of alcohol with chloroacetyl chloride is an anhydrous process which Hberates HCl. Chloroacetic acid will react with olefins in the presence of a catalyst to yield chloroacetate esters. Dichloroacetic and trichloroacetic acid esters are also known. These esters are usehil in synthesis. They are more reactive than the parent acids. Ethyl chloroacetate can be converted to sodium fluoroacetate by reaction with potassium fluoride (see Fluorine compounds, organic). Both methyl and ethyl chloroacetate are used as agricultural and pharmaceutical intermediates, specialty solvents, flavors, and fragrances. Methyl chloroacetate and P ionone undergo a Dar2ens reaction to form an intermediate in the synthesis of Vitamin A. Reaction of methyl chloroacetate with ammonia produces chloroacetamide [79-07-2] C2H ClNO (53). 

Applications. These materials are stiU in developmental infancy. Current production is limited to one commercial process in Europe and a demonstration-scale process in North America. The lignins produced in these processes have potential appHcation in wood adhesives, as flame retardants (qv), as slow-release agents for agricultural and pharmaceutical products, as surfactants (qv), as antioxidants (qv), as asphalt extenders, and as a raw material source for lignin-derived chemicals. 

Various other cycHc compounds can be built using thioglycoic acid, eg, thiazohdinone, thiazole, isothiazole, and thiazine-type stmctures, leading to intermediates for the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries (69). Eungicidal organotin mercaptocarboxylates have also been claimed (70). 

The removal of carbobenzyloxy (Cbz or Z) groups from amines or alcohols is of high interest in the fine chemicals, agricultural and pharmaceutical industry. Palladium on activated carbon is the catalyst of choice for these deprotection reactions. Nitrogen containing modifiers are known to influence the selectivity for certain deprotection reactions. In this paper we show the rate accelerating effect of certain N-containing modifiers on the deprotection of carbobenzyloxy protected amino acids in the presence of palladium on activated carbon catalysts. The experiments show that certain modifiers like pyridine and ethylenediamine increase the reaction rate and therefore shorten the reaction times compared to non-modified palladium catalysts. Triethylamine does not have an influence on the rate of deprotection. 

Many fluorinated aromatic molecules have physiological activity and therefore have agricultural and pharmaceutical applications. An important synthetic... 

Uses. Solvent for high-temperature resins petrochemical processing, in the microelectronics fabrication industry, dyes and pigments, industrial and domestic cleaning compounds agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations... 

D.A. Tomalia etal, US Patent 6,177,414 (January 23, 2001) Assignee The Dow Chemical Company Utility Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Intermediate... 

Two groups of chiral aromatic carboxylic acids are important commercial intermediates for the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. The R enantiomer of a-phenoxypropionic adds confers biological activity for a number of herbiddes. The S enantiomer of a variety of arylpropionic adds is the biologically active form of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory products labeled profens. Racemic mixtures of the alkyl esters of these propionic add derivatives have been effectiwly resolved to yield the desired optically active carboxylic acids (64-66). Figure 20 shows examples of the resolution of aromatic propionic acid esters. 

These phosphines are typically used as ligands for catalytic reactions such as hydroformylation, hydrogenation, dimerization, and other metal-catalyzed reactions. Other uses for the phosphorus derivatives are Wittig chemistry (vitamin A and E), phase-transfer catalysis, epoxy curing, extractants, and agricultural and pharmaceutical intermediates. 

Carbon disulfide is used to produce intermediates in the manufacture of rubber vulcanization accelerators, rayon, carbon tetrachloride, cellophane, and agricultural and pharmaceutical chemicals. The end products for the U.S. production of carbon disulfide are given in Table 4.3 [129], Production of carbon disulfide is heavily related to rayon and cellophane which accounts for about 55—65% of its usage [130]. 

In contrast to the well-known difficulties of traditionally applied quantitative IR spectroscopy of mixtures in solid (powdered) samples, the near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA) technique [32] has gained importance over the last decade and can now be implemented on a variety of commercially available Instruments In a number of applications to Industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical analyses. Both the NIRA instruments equipped with grating monochromators and those fitted with filter systems feature built—In microprocessors with software suited to the Intrinsic characteristics of this spectroscopic alternative. Filter Instruments generate raw optical data for only a few wave-... 

High temperature gas-phase chlorofluorination of picolines is a commercial process used for the preparation of an important intermediates for a variety of agricultural and pharmaceutical products—trifluoromethylpyridines 17, 25-27. The details of synthesis and synthetic applications of intermediates 17,25-27 are given in Chapter 11 and Refs 10-12. 

Food, textile, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries are the main areas of application of flavor and EO microcapsules (Xiao et al., 2014). 

This reaction has been widely used for forensic toxicology, and agriculture and pharmaceutical testing. 

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