Agathis

A different reason for appropriating a material object comes from the kauri (Agathis alba) and merkus (Pinus merkusii) pine forests of Malaysia. Local people collect soft resin from these trees and sell it as a cash crop. Under the name Malay damar, this exudate is exported as a valued ingredient for high quality varnishes. 

Ofman, D.J. et al., Flavonoid profiles of New Zealand kauri and other species of Agathis, Phytochemistry, 38, 1223, 1995. 

From the plant Agathis robusta a group of labdane isomers at C-13 have been isolated and related to 13-e/n-manool after interconvertion using lithium in diaminoethane [110]. The Hymenaea species, i.e H. ablongifolia and H. parvifolia, have been studied and enantiopinifolic acid as well as guamaic acid have been isolated, while enantio-13-ep/-labdanolic acid has been isolated from Trachylobium verrucosum [111]. 

There has been but one positive test for alkaloids recorded for this small gymnosperm family (A gal his australis). A lest of this species was negative as well as tests on A. moorei, A. ovata, A. robusta, Agathis sp., A. vitensis, Araucaria bididellii, A. cookii, A. cunninghamii,A. excelsa, and A. rulei. 

Devon and Scott s Handbook91) essential oil from Salvia dorisiana92 contains perillyl acetate and the rare methyl perillate (34 R = C02Me) tricyclene is present in Agathis australis as a major component,93 and ds-carveyl acetate is a major component in Japanese spearmint (Mentha spicata crispa).94 Some rare oxygenated menthanes have been isolated from Mentha gentilis,95 and from Piper nigrum.96... 

Bruijnzeel, L, A. 1984. Immobilization of nutrients in plantation forests of Pinus merkusii and Agathis datnmara growing in volcanic soils in central Java, Indonesia. In Proceedings of International Conference on Soils and Nutrition of Perennial Crops, eds. A. Tajib, and E. Pushparajah (Malaysian Soil Science Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia), pp. 19-29. 

Langenheim J. H. (1995) Biology of amber-producing trees focus on case studies of Hymenaea and Agathis. In Timber, Resinite, and Fossil Resins (eds. K. B. Anderson and J. C. Crelling). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 1-31. 

Figure 1.9. Detail of the margo and toms of Figure 1.10. A surface view of an aspirated a pit membrane in Pinus radiata showing pit membrane in Agathis australis. The pit the open texture of the microfihrils in the membrane has aspirated hack against the pit margo. x 12 500. border of the underlying tracheid. x 450.

Agathis atropurpurea B. Hyland (leaves) I-7-O-Methylagathisflavone (101) 1-7,11-7-di-O-methylagathisflavone (104) I-7,4 -II-7-tri-0-methylagathisflavone (107) (in less quantities) 1-7-0-methyleupressu- flavone (88) I-7,II-7-di-O-methyl-eupressuflavone (92) 1-7,4 -II-7-tri-O-methyleupressuflavone (94) (in less quantities). Ofman et al., 1995[433]. 

Khan, N. U. Ilyas, M. Rahman, W. Mashima, T. Okigawa, M. Kawano, N., Biflavones from the leaves of Araucaria bidwillii Hooker and Agathis alba Foxworthy (Araucariaceae), Tetrahedron, 1972, 28, 5689-5695. 

CI oH I gO, Mr 154.25. A bicyclic monoterpene with the fenchane structure that was first detected in the turpentine oil of the pine Pinus palusiris. Various stereoisomers and their mixtures occur in numerous plant oils, e.g., (-)-j8-F. (oil, [a]o° -31°), in the essential oil of Lawson s cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressaceae) or (+)-a-F. (cryst., mp. 47-47.5 °C, [a] +12.5°) from the marsh resin obtained from peat bogs (= kauri resin of the tree Agathis australis, Araucaria-ceae). Fenchyl acetate is used in perfumes with a coniferous nuance. 

Definition Oleoresin from Agathis aiba trees Properties Sol. in alcohol insol. in esters and hydrocarbons dens. 1.07 kg/l acid no. 120-150 soften, pt. (R B) 120-130 C Uses Binder in road marking paints, insulation varnishes, flexographic inks... 

Structural types from New Zealand kauri gum or copal. Kauri is the Maori name for Agathis australis (Araucariaceae), while copal is the Spanish version of the Nahuatl (Aztec) word copalli, meaning resin. Kauri gum was formerly an important raw material for the manufacture of varnish and linoleum, and it has been a valuable source of new terpenes for natural products chemists. 

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