Aesthetics additives

Physically or chemically modifying the surface of PET fiber is another route to diversified products. Hydrophilicity, moisture absorption, moisture transport, soil release, color depth, tactile aesthetics, and comfort all can be affected by surface modification. Examples iaclude coatiag the surface with multiple hydroxyl groups (40), creatiag surface pores and cavities by adding a gas or gas-forming additive to the polymer melt (41), roughening the surface... 

Other Additives. To provide and maintain the clarity of clear shampoos, the use of either ethyl or isopropyl alcohol maybe employed. Perfumes are added to make shampoos more pleasing in terms of odor, while dyes are incorporated to give visual aesthetics to the products. Salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are found to sequester and prevent formation of insoluble alkaline-earth metal salts. 

In certain brilliantine compositions, vegetable and animal oils are used as substitutes for mineral oil. In these systems, because of their potential for rancidity, antioxidants must be included. Other alternatives to mineral oils that have found utiHty in brilliantines are the polyethylene glycols which come in a variety of solubiHties and spreading properties. Use of these materials offers the advantage of chemical stabiHty to rancidity. Other additives found in brilliantines to improve their aesthetics include colorants, fragrance, medicated additives, lanolin, and fatty acid esters. 

QuaHtative arguments deal primarily with the sense of ownership and security which result from individually owned generation systems. Additional complexity will arise from the aesthetic criteria specific to both individual homes and the surrounding community. Of course, the autonomy inherent in distributed rooftop arrays probably constitutes an institutional barrier to their acceptance by some utiHty companies, unless they are involved in the financing and/or marketing chain. 

High purity 4-dodecylphenol is used to produce specialty surfactants by its reaction with ethylene oxide. The low color of high purity 4-dodecylphenol is important in this appHcation from a standpoint of aesthetics. 4-Dodecylphenol is also used to produce phenoHc resins which are used in adhesive appHcations and printing inks. 4-Dodecylphenol is also used as an epoxy curing catalyst where the addition of 4-dodecylphenol accelerates curing of the epoxy resin to a hard, nontacky soHd. 

Use dictates the quaUty required. Potable water must be bacteriologicaHy safe, and toxic substances must be present at levels that are accepted as safe (1—3) (see Table 1). In addition, the water must be aesthetically acceptable. Water that is suitable for drinking may be iaadequate for many iadustrial processes. On the other hand, many iadustrial processes can use water that is not pure enough to drink. 

The initial uses of colorants in plastics were as extenders and additives. Carbon black and titanium dioxide were and are stiU used as fillers (qv) because of their low cost. Almost from plastics inception the limitation of black and white did not offer sufficient color choices for end users looking to differentiate their products. The increase in aesthetic requirements along with different performance requirements and resin compatibiUties led to a great expansion in the number of different chemical classes of colorants and forms in which these colorants are available in today s market. 

Resin cements have excellent aesthetic quahties and are essentially insoluble in mouth fluids. Compressive strength is low, but can be increased by the addition of fillers. They have no inherent adhesion to the tooth. Retention is dependent on mechanical locking when the cement flows into irregularities on the surfaces of the substances being cemented. 

Each of these additives plays an important role in either the processing or service life of the finished goods. In addition, fillers and pigments are two larger scale additives that play an important role in product economics and aesthetics. 

Solvent Formulation System. Another technology area which cuts across product lines is solvent formulation. For each pound of coatings applied, cost of solvents represents an appreciable portion of the total cost. Solvent raw material cost can be as much as one-third of the total raw material cost of coating manufacturers. In addition, solvent formulation affects many end use properties, such as aesthetics, coverage, application latitude, functional properties, etc. For our computerized solvent formulation system, we have developed a number of models which predict properties of solvent blends known to be important in solvent formulation. 

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