Aerosols from secondary reactions

Jang, M., and R. M. Kamens, Newly Characterized Products and Composition of Secondary Aerosols from the Reaction of a-Pinene with Ozone, Atmos. Em-iron, 33, 459-474 (1999). 

The transformation of arenes in the troposphere has been discussed in detail (Arey 1998). Their destruction can be mediated by reaction with hydroxyl radicals, and from naphthalene a wide range of compounds is produced, including 1- and 2-naphthols, 2-formylcinnamaldehyde, phthalic anhydride, and with less certainty 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2,3-epoxynaphthoquinone. Both 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene were formed through the intervention of NO2 (Bunce et al. 1997). Attention has also been directed to the composition of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of NO (Eorstner et al. 1997) the main products from a range of alkylated aromatics were 2,5-furandione and the 3-methyl and 3-ethyl congeners. 

H. and Nazaroff, W.W. (2008) Secondary organic aerosol from ozone-initiated reactions with terpene-rich household products. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 8234 15. 

Claeys, M., Wang, W., Ion, A. C., Kourtchev, I., Gelencsdr, A., and Maenhaut, W. (2004). Formation of secondary organic aerosols from isoprene and its gas-phase oxidation products through reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Atmos. Environ. 38, 4093 1098. 

Jang, M., and Kamens, R. M. (1999) Newly characterized products and composition of secondary aerosols from reaction of a-pinene with ozone, Atmos. Environ. 33, 459-474. 

Many of the chemical reactions that create photochemical smog take place in aerosol particles. These reactions produce secondary pollutants— pollutants that are not directly released from some source but are formed by reactions with other components in the air. 

Kleindienst TE, Lewandowski M, Offenberg JH, Jaoni M, Edney EO (2009) The formation of secondary organic aerosol from isoprene + OH reaction in the absence of NO. Atmos Chem Phys 9 6541-6558... 

Leungsakul S, Jaoui M, Kamens RM (2005) Kinetic mechanism for predicting secondary organic aerosol formation from the reaction of d-limonene with ozone. Environ Sci Technol 39(24) 9583-9594... 

Inorganic and organic aerosols that are directly emitted into the atmosphere are known as primary aerosols, for example, aerosols from ocean spray, volcanic eruptions or combustion. Those aerosols that are formed in the atmosphere through a sequence of chemical reactions are referred to as secondary aerosols, and they account for a major component of tropospheric particulates. 

Chemical radicals—such as hydroxyl, peroxyhydroxyl, and various alkyl and aryl species—have either been observed in laboratory studies or have been postulated as photochemical reaction intermediates. Atmospheric photochemical reactions also result in the formation of finely divided suspended particles (secondary aerosols), which create atmospheric haze. Their chemical content is enriched with sulfates (from sulfur dioxide), nitrates (from nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and peroxyacylnitrates), ammonium (from ammonia), chloride (from sea salt), water, and oxygenated, sulfiirated, and nitrated organic compounds (from chemical combination of ozone and oxygen with hydrocarbon, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxide fragments). ... 

Sleiman M, Destaillats H, Smith JD, Liu C-L, Ahmed M, Wilson KR et al (2010) Secondary organic aerosol formation from ozone-initiated reactions with nicotine and second hand tobacco smoke. Atmos Environ 44 4191 198... 

Particulate carbon in the atmosphere exists predominantly in three forms elemental carbon (soot) with attached hydrocarbons organic compounds and carbonates. Carbonaceous urban fine particles are composed mainly of elemental and organic carbon. These particles can be emitted into the air directly in the particulate state or condense rapidly after Introduction into the atmosphere from an emission source (primary aerosol). Alternatively, they can be formed in the atmosphere by chemical reactions involving gaseous pollutant precursors (secondary aerosol). The rates of formation of secondary carbonaceous aerosol and the details of the formation mechanisms are not well understood. However, an even more fundamental controversy exists regarding... 

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