Aerodynamic factor

With the purpose of understanding the performance of an ideal electric powertrain vehicle, we now apply the formulations described in Section 4.3.1 to calculate the energy necessary to be stored in batteries while varying the vehicle mass and aerodynamic factor SQ. 

The functional requirements of the ablative heatshield must be well understood before selection of the proper material can occur. Ablative heatshield materials not only protect a vehicle from excessive heating, they also act as an aerodynamic body and sometimes as a stmctural component (2,3). Intensity and duration of heating, thermostmctural requirements and shape stabiUty (4,5), potential for particle erosion (6), weight limitations (7—10), and reusabiUty (11) are some of the factors which must be considered in selection of an ablative material. 

P = power generated by the turbine (windmill) in watts Cp = coefficient of performance which depends upon the aerodynamic efficiency of the rotor and varies with the number of blades and their profile. This factor is provided by the mill supplier and generally varies between 0.35 and 0.45 A = swept area of the rotor in... 

Particle behavior in the lung is dependent on the aerodynamic characteristics of particles in flow streams. In contrast, the major factor for gases is... 

The air-handling processes should be arranged to take into account the thermal, aerodynamic, and acoustic factors air quality moisture control and cleanliness and other hygiene aspects. 

Test bench methods for machines not too large for test cabins have been developed in order to obtain comparative results. In the case of particles, the tracer gas describes well the behavior of aerodynamic diameter particles less than 5 to 10 gm. For larger particles, correction factors should be used to modify the efficiency results obtained using the tracer gas technique. 

Effective area, air terminal The net area determined aerodynamically from an A j, factor. 

An imbalance profile can be excited due to the combined factors of mechanical imbalance, lift/gravity differential effects, aerodynamic and hydraulic instabilities, process loading, and, in fact, all failure modes. 

Equation (1) points to a number of important particle properties. Clearly the particle diameter, by any definition, plays a role in the behavior of the particle. Two other particle properties, density and shape, are of significance. The shape becomes important if particles deviate significantly from sphericity. The majority of pharmaceutical aerosol particles exhibit a high level of rotational symmetry and consequently do not deviate substantially from spherical behavior. The notable exception is that of elongated particles, fibers, or needles, which exhibit shape factors, kp, substantially greater than 1. Density will frequently deviate from unity and must be considered in comparing aerodynamic and equivalent volume diameters. 

Flat Sheets. Generally, the interface between a liquid sheet and air can be perturbed by aerodynamic, turbulent, inertial, surface tension, viscous, acoustic, or electrical forces. The stability of the sheet and the growth rate of unstable disturbances are determined by the relative magnitude of these forces. Theoretical and experimental studies 255112561 on disintegration mechanisms of flat sheets showed that the instability and wave formation at the interface between the continuous and discontinuous phases are the maj or factors leading to... 

In practical fan sheet breakup processes, sheet thickness diminishes as the sheet expands away from the atomizer orifice, and liquid viscosity affects the breakup and the resultant droplet size. Dombrowski and Johns[238] considered these realistic factors and derived an analytical correlation for the mean droplet diameter on the basis of an analysis of the aerodynamic instability and disintegration of viscous sheets with particular reference to those generated by fan spray atomizers ... 

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