Particle behavior

To understand the interplay between the fluid bed and moving bed in the INCI concept, the Reh diagram was used to investigate the influence of agglomeration. 

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The particle size deterrnined by sedimentation techniques is an equivalent spherical diameter, also known as the equivalent settling diameter, defined as the diameter of a sphere of the same density as the irregularly shaped particle that exhibits an identical free-fall velocity. Thus it is an appropriate diameter upon which to base particle behavior in other fluid-flow situations. Variations in the particle size distribution can occur for nonspherical particles (43,44). The upper size limit for sedimentation methods is estabHshed by the value of the particle Reynolds number, given by equation 11 ... 

Particle behavior in the lung is dependent on the aerodynamic characteristics of particles in flow streams. In contrast, the major factor for gases is... 

It is worth elucidating mineral particle behavior in hydrothermal plumes in order to consider the formation mechanism of chimney and massive ores on the seafloor. Using the grain size data on sulfides and sulfates, the density of the fluids and of the minerals, the relationship between vertical settling rate and grain size of sulfides and sulfates can be derived based on the following Stokes equation ... 

The above summarized mineralogical and geochemical studies on Kuroko and Mariana chimneys (Shikazono and Kusakabe, 1999), and previous studies on midoceanic ridge chimneys, combined with the studies of mineral particle behaviors in the plumbing system, are used to develop the following plausible model for the growth history of sulfate-sulfide chimneys on the seafloor (Shikazono and Kusakabe, 1999). 

The wave interpretation of the interference pattern observed in Young s experiment is inconsistent with the particle or photon concept of light as required by Einstein s explanation of the photoelectric effect. If the monochromatic beam of light consists of a stream of individual photons, then each photon presumably must pass through either slit A or slit B. To test this assertion, detectors are placed directly behind slits A and B and both slits are opened. The light beam used is of such low intensity that only one photon at a time is emitted by S. In this situation each photon is recorded by either one detector or the other, never by both at once. Half of the photons are observed to pass through slit A, half through slit B in random order. This result is consistent with particle behavior. 

On the basis of this postulate, the interference pattern observed in the doubleslit experiment can be explained in terms of quantum particle behavior. 

The slip correction factors are important for particles smaller than 1 pm in diameter, which is rarely the case for pharmaceutical aerosols. Slip correction is required for the Stokes equation to remain predictive of particle behavior for these small particles. Therefore, assuming the absence of shape effects for particles in the Stokes regime of flow, Eq. (1) collapses into the following expression ... 

Dust explosions are even more difficult to characterize than gaseous explosions. For a gas the molecules are small and of well-defined size. For dust particles the particles are of varying size and many orders of magnitude larger than molecules. Gravity also affects dust particle behavior. 

Heyder J, Svartengren MU (2002) Basic principles of particle behavior in the human respiratory tract. In Bisgaard H, O Callaghan C, Smaldone GC (eds.) Drug Delivery to the Lung. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. 

There are some very special characteristics that must be considered as regards colloidal particle behavior size and shape, surface area, and surface charge density. The Brownian motion of particles is a much-studied field. The fractal nature of surface roughness has recently been shown to be of importance (Birdi, 1993). Recent applications have been reported where nanocolloids have been employed. Therefore, some terms are needed to be defined at this stage. The definitions generally employed are as follows. Surface is a term used when one considers the dividing phase between... 

Therefore, questioning the physical significance of potential is not relevant here. The new formulation of Maxwell s equations [20-23], where potentials are directly coupled to fields clearly indicates that potentials, play a key role in particle behavior. To make a long story short, the difference in nature between potentials and fields stems from the fact that potentials relate to a state of equilibrium of stationary waves in the medium usually nonaccessible to an observer (except when potentials are used in a measurement process of the interferometric kind, at a given instant in time). Conversely, fields illustrate a nonequilibrium state of the medium as an observable progressive electromagnetic wave, since this wave induces the motion of material particles. 

Trajectory models quantify the dynamic characteristics of particles in Lagrangian coordinates. The trajectory model is useful when the particle phase is so dilute that the description of particle behavior by continuum models may not be suitable. 

Idealization of particle behavior in a gas medium involves a straightforward application of fluid dynamics. 

The superposition of electrostatic forces on particle behavior near a filter mat can have appreciable influence on filtration efficiency. The deposition patterns can take on significant treeing or branching of agglomerates on individual fibers. This aerodynamically distorts the cylindrical collector surface and branches the surface area, as well as distorting the electrical field around the collector. 

In order to predict emissions from AFBC s it is necessary to couple a model of the sulfur capture of individual particles into a system s model which takes into account the SO2 formation, removal, and transport. Because the single particle behavior is so complex, most such models (10, 20, 21, 22) use simplified, usually empirical, fits of single particle behavior determined, for example, from thermogravimetric analysis. 

As shown before the total number of differential equations is K(N +1). In this study, K = 10 and N = 15. The choice of 10 is considered to be a reasonable number for the characterization of particle size fractions for design calculations. Therefore, the number of differential equations, 160, was not artificially reduced by taking only a few discrete cuts. However, the possibility of representing the particle behavior with one average size was explored. Different averages like mean surface, surface mean, volume mean, etc., were tried but, none proved to be applicable for this problem where heat transfer and devolatilization occur simultaneously. 

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