Advanced Energy Initiative

The use of lignocellulosic materials from agricultural crops for the production of fuels and chemicals has received a considerable amount of interest recently and is a major part of the Advanced Energy Initiative outlined by the President of the United States in both the 2006 and 2007 State of the Union addresses [1]. Currently, ethanol derived from biomass is produced by the conversion of either sugar or starch containing crops. The production of... 

Advanced Energy Initiative, House, T. W., Editor, (2006), National Economic Council. 

NEC (2007) Advanced Energy Initiative, 2006. Published by the National Environmental Council for the President of the United States... 

In 2003, U.S. president George Bush launched the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI), which was later implemented by legislation through the 2005 Energy Policy Act and the 2006 Advanced Energy Initiative. President Bush stated that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen and pollution free. ... 

Milliken, J., The Advanced Energy Initiative—Challenges, Progress, and Opportunities, Online U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2007. 

The nanoparticle is modeled as a sphere containing a regular cubic lattice of electron acceptor sites. A fraction (p of these sites are traps with energies E drawn from the distribution function g E) the remainder are conduction band sites with energy Initially n sites are populated with electrons and one site is occupied by a dye cation. For consistency with Fermi Dirac statistics, each site can be occupied only once. Recombination occurs whenever an electron arrives on a site occupied by the dye cation. An electron with the shortest detrapping time is detrapped, then the current time is advanced by that detrapping time and the detrapping times for the rest of the electrons are updated. The fate of the freed electron is decided immediately it is placed at random either on one of the vacant trap sites or on a cation where it immediately recombines. 

In 2003, the United States initiated the Future Combat Systems (PCS) program, which is the largest and most ambitious planned acquisition program in the US Army s history. This PCS system covers almost every field application, as shown in Pigure 16.11, and every field is based on the use of an advanced energy storage system, so far mostly lithium-ion batteries. These applications include satellites, drones, stealth aircraft, UAVs, warships, aircraft carriers, AUVs, and integrated battle systems for individual soldiers. 

Some recent advances in stimulated desorption were made with the use of femtosecond lasers. For example, it was shown by using a femtosecond laser to initiate the desorption of CO from Cu while probing the surface with SHG, that the entire process is completed in less than 325 fs [90]. The mechanism for this kind of laser-induced desorption has been temied desorption induced by multiple electronic transitions (DIMET) [91]. Note that the mechanism must involve a multiphoton process, as a single photon at the laser frequency has insufScient energy to directly induce desorption. DIMET is a modification of the MGR mechanism in which each photon excites the adsorbate to a higher vibrational level, until a suflBcient amount of vibrational energy has been amassed so that the particle can escape the surface. 

There is a lively controversy concerning the interpretation of these and other properties, and cogent arguments have been advanced both for the presence of hydride ions H" and for the presence of protons H+ in the d-block and f-block hydride phases.These difficulties emphasize again the problems attending any classification based on presumed bond type, and a phenomenological approach which describes the observed properties is a sounder initial basis for discussion. Thus the predominantly ionic nature of a phase cannot safely be inferred either from crystal structure or from calculated lattice energies since many metallic alloys adopt the NaCl-type or CsCl-type structures (e.g. LaBi, )S-brass) and enthalpy calculations are notoriously insensitive to bond type. 

Having met Joule for the first time at the 1847 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford, Thomson initially accepted that Joule s experiments had shown that work converted into heat. Committed to Carnot s theory of the production of work from a fall of heat, however, he could not accept the converse proposition that work had been converted into heat could simply be recovered as useful work. Therefore, he could not agree to Joule s claim for mutual convertibility. By 1848 he had appropriated from the lectures of the late Thomas Young (reprinted in the mid-1840s) the term energy as a synonym for vis viva (the term in use at the time, traditionally measured as mtc) and its equivalent terms such as work, but as yet the term appeared only in a footnote. 

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