Biorefineries advanced

Technological implementation status conventional and advanced biorefineries first, second, and third generation biorefineries. 

Combining fuel and power production, possibly extended with (bulk) chemical production by advanced integrated biorefinery process concepts... 

Biorefineries New catalytic pretreatment of plant materials Valorization, pretreatment or disposal of co-products and wastes from biorefinery by catalytic treatments New and/or improved catalytic processes for chemicals production through the integration of the biorefinery concept and products into the existing chemical production chain New advanced catalytic solutions to reduce waste emissions (solid, air and, especially, water) New catalysts to selectively de-oxygenate products from biomass transformation Catalysts to selectively convert chemicals in complex multicomponent feedstocks New biomimetic catalysts able to operate under mild conditions Small catalytic pyrolysis process to produce stabilized oil for further processing in larger plants... 

Approximately 89 million metric t of organic chemicals and lubricants, the majority of which are fossil based, are produced annually in the United States. The development of new industrial bioproducts, for production in standalone facilities or biorefineries, has the potential to reduce our dependence on imported oil and improve energy security. Advances in biotechnology are enabling the optimization of feedstock composition and agronomic characteristics and the development of new and improved fermentation organisms for conversion of biomass to new end products or intermediates. This article reviews recent biotechnology efforts to develop new industrial bioproducts and improve renewable feedstocks and key market opportunities. 

In reality, while the sole products of existing pulp and paper manufacturing facilities today are pulp and paper (phase I biorefinery), these facilities are geared to collect and process substantial amounts of lignocellulosic biomass. They thus provide an ideal foundation to develop advanced lignocellulose feedstock biorefineries. Additional processes could be built around pulp mills, either as an extension or as an across-the-fence -type company (Agenda 2020). 

Catalysis is thus a driver for sustainability and societal challenges [51] and for a sustainable energy [52, 53[. New demand for applications (e.g., the area of biorefineries [54, 55[) and new advances in both the ability to control catalyst characteristics through nanotechnologies [56, 57[ and to understand catalytic reactions [58-62] have greatly renewed the interest in catalysis and changed the research topics and approaches with respect to few years ago. We could thus conclude that catalysis is not only a key element for the sustainability of chemical processes but also that the recent advances in this area have further enhanced its critical role. 

Through advanced research, new concepts in the industrial biorefinery could become a reality. In the industrial biorefinery, any combination of biofuels, electric power, materials, chemicals, and other products could be produced from local biomass resources. 

Degradation and Applications 13 Challenges in Green Analytical Chemistiy 14 Advanced Oil Crop Biorefineries 15 Enantioselective Homogeneous Supported Catalysis 16 Natural Polymers Volume 1 Composites 17 Natural Polymers Volume 2 Nanocomposites 18 Integrated Forest Biorefineries... 

Despite some successes in PHA production by plants, Drs. Yves Poirier and Stevens Brumbley believe production of PHA in crops and plants remains a challenging project. The challenges for the future are to succeed in the synthesis of PHA co-polymer with a narrow range of monomer composition, at levels that do not compromise plant productivity, and to find methods for efficient and economical extraction of polymers from plants. These goals will undonbtedly require a deeper understanding of plant biochemical pathways and advances in biorefinery. 

Finally, Phase III biorefineries are the most advanced, as they use a variety of biomass feedstock to yield a mix of products (Figure 1.2). Such biorefineries employ a combination of technologies, among them are chemical and/or biological transformations, extractions, and separations. Examples for Phase III biorefineries include whole-crop biorefineries encompassing an array of transformations of feedstock (e.g., corn, or rapeseed). The most promising type of Phase HI biorefineries are... 

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