Administration routes inhalation

If possible, give glucocorticoid via administration routes that minimize systemic absorption (such as inhalation or dermal). 

Data on the toxicokinetics of 2-hexanone, as described in this section, were derived from studies using 2-hexanone with purity of 97% or more. As discussed below, absorption of this compound has been demonstrated in humans, dogs, and rats after administration via inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure. Very little information is available on distribution. A metabolic pathway has been proposed based on the metabolites of 2-hexanone identified in the blood of guinea pigs and rats after intraperitoneal and oral administration, respectively. Expired breath and urine appear to be the main routes of excretion for 2-hexanone and its metabolites. 

Drugs metabolized by COMT Administer drugs known to be metabolized by COMT (ie, isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, methyidopa, apomorphine, isoetherine, bitolterol) with caution in patients receiving entacapone regardless of the route of administration (including inhalation), as their interaction may result in increased heart rates, arrhythmias, and excessive changes in blood pressure. 

Information on the mutagenic potential of SNA Is almost completely lacking. A single abstract reported the cytogenetic effect of chronic use of the drug over 2-3 yr by one male and four females 18-26 yr old. The most frequent route of administration was Inhalation of smoke from a blend of SNA and marijuana. No chromosomal abnormalities were found In this limited investigation. 8... 

Most knowledge of the adverse effects of glucocorticoids has been acquired in connection with their use as oral products. However, various other routes of administration have been developed, sometimes specifically in the hope of securing a local therapeutic effect while avoiding systemic adverse reactions. Although experience has shown that the latter cannot be eliminated in this way, they can be diminished in some cases. In other cases, new problems arise. Administration by inhalation is covered in the monograph on inhaled glucocorticoids. 

Route of Administration There are three main routes of exposure for an environmental chemical to enter the body of an animal. These are the oral, dermal, or inhalation routes. The choice of administration route for a chemical depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the test chemical and the form typifying exposure in humans. In general, the frequency of exposure may vary according to the administration route chosen and should be adjusted according to the toxicokinetic profile of the test chemical, if available. 

Intranasal midazolam is a successful route of administration for sedating children. However, it can cause nasal burning, irritation, and lacrimation (24). In a study of an alternative route of administration, namely inhalation via a nebulizer, bronchospasm developed in two of the 10 patients studied. This formulation of midazolam has a pH of 3.0, and this was thought to be the reason it caused bronchospasm. 

The toxie effeets of T-2 toxin and DAS are similar irre-speetive of route of exposure and species, with ingestion, parenteral administration, and inhalation resulting in lymphoid necrosis, hematotoxicity, and gastrointestinal toxicity (Table 26.2, Figures 26.2 and 26.3). Shock secondary to cardiovascular collapse occurs at high doses. T-2 toxin and DAS also cause dermal and mucous membrane injury on contact. 

Another motivation for particle size reduction of APIs is to facilitate getting the compound to a desired area of the body. For example, pulmonary drug delivery by dry powder inhalation is an administration route where particle size reduction is required to achieve drug delivery to the target region of the lung. The aerodynamic diameter of a particle should be in... 

Pulmonary delivery of drugs is the administration route of choice in respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Different devices are available, including metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers, and nearly 80% of asthmatic patients worldwide use metered dose inhalers (1). Chlorofluorocarbons have been used as an aerosol propellant in metered-dose inhalers however, they deplete the ozone layer and are being replaced by more environment-friendly propellants, even though the contribution of aerosols of this type to the total global burden of chlorofluorocarbons is less than 0.5%. The first chloro-fluorocarbon-free metered-dose inhaler for asthma treatment was approved by the FDA in 1996 (2) and the European Union has set 2005 as a target date for the withdrawal of all chlorofluorocarbon-based inhalers (1). In the USA, prescriptions for chlorofluorocarbon-free medications rose from 16.4 million in 1996 to 33.8 million in 2000 (2). Most of the chlorofluorocarbon-free medications were steroids for nasal use (27.2 million). However, chlorofluorocarbon-containing medications stiU represented two-thirds of all prescriptions and increased from 63.0 to 67.6 million dispensed (2). 

Some cases of the change in administration route such as form oral to external use, from intravenous to oral, external, inhalation and subcutaneous use, and from subcutaneous or intramuscular to oral, external, inhalation and intravenous use. 

After a brief explanation of the factors governing deposition of aerosol particles in the lung, the common methods of administration of inhalation aerosols have been described. The drugs most frequently delivered by this route are bronchodilators. Correct administration and the use of inhaler accessories, such as spacer devices, enhance the efficacy of inhaled drugs. It is essential that the patient be instructed in the correct use of the devices to optimize the therapeutic effect. 

Inhalation delivery of therapeutic peptides is a promising administration route to avoid the degradation pathways in the gastrointestinal tract and in the liver. 

Epi injection is available in 1 mg/mL (1 1000), 0.1 mg/niL (1 10,000), and 0.5 mg/mL (1 2000) solutions. The usual adult dose given subcutaneously ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 mg. The intravenous route is used cautiously if an immediate and reliable effect is mandatory. If the solution is given by vein, it must be adequately diluted and injected very slowly. The dose is seldom as much as 0.25 mg, except for cardiac arrest, when larger doses may be required. Epi suspensions are used to slow subcutaneous absorption and must never be injected intravenously. Also, a 1% (10 mg/mL 1 100) formulation is available for administration via inhalation every precaution must be taken not to confuse this 1 100 solution with the 1 1000 solution designed for parenteral administration inadvertent injection of the 1 100 solution can be fatal. Epi is unstable in alkaline solution when exposed to air or light, it turns pink from oxidation to adrenochrome and then brown from polymer formation thus, an antioxidant or acid must be included. 

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