Adjuvants accelerator

Surface-active agents used as adjuvants in pharmaceutical preparations to improve drug dissolution may affect the stability of /3-lactams. Thus, the presence of micelles of cetyl(trimethyl)ammonium bromide (CTAB) enhanced up to 50-fold the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of penicillins [140]. In the case of cephalosporins, micelle-promoted catalysis of the intramolecular degradation process (see Sect 5.2.2) was also observed [85][141], It has been proposed that the negatively charged penicillins and cephalosporins are attracted by the cationic micelles. This attraction increases substrate concentration in the micellar phase, in turn accelerating the rate of HO- ion attack. Ion exchange at the micellar surface and electrostatic stabilization of the transition state may also contribute to the increased rate [142][143],... 

The DNA-interactive agent oxaliplatin had a slightly different trial design leading to accelerated approval and that was used as a comparator (oxaliplatin and fluorouracil + leucovorin vs. fluorouracil + leucovorinj. The approval was on the basis of response rate but additional studies clearly demonstrated that oxaliplatin improved survival and indeed in an adjuvant setting led to a significant increase in disease-free survival (78.2% disease-free survival at 3 years vs. 72.99%, p = 0.002). ... 

While filgrastim has proved a useful adjuvant to chemotherapy for many cancers, its administration in cases of myeloid leukaemia would give cause for concern, as these cells express receptors for G-CSF. In such cases, G-CSF could potentially promote accelerated growth of these malignant cells. 

Unfortunately, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to measure these parameters for in vivo systems. The validation of the accuracy or applicability of these parameters to in vivo systems still requires testing. Adjuvants have been classified into accelerator and passive categories, and they can influence both the solute mobility (accelerator adjuvants only) and the driving force (both categories)[42]. 

FDA approved 1998 for die following materials to be used in contact with food adhesive preservatives, 21CFR175.105 a rubber accelerator (up to 1.5% of weight of rubber), 21CFR177.2600 in the synthesis of slimicides for use in paper/paper-board, 21CFR176.300 an adjuvant in die manufacture of foamed plastics, 21CFR178.3010. Listed in 40CFR136.1 and USEPA Method 640 The Determination of Mercaptobenzothiazole in Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters. 

Uses Crosslinking agent for curing silicone rubbers co-vulcanizing agent adjuvant for food-contact crosslinked polyesters accelerator for food-contact rubber articles for repeated use... 

Uses Insecticide antioxidant, stabilizer for plastics and solid rocket propellants antioxidant for lubricants rubber antioxidant and accelerator mfg. of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, explosives, and dyes veterinary medicine storage preservation of apples stabilizer for nitrocellulose analytical chemistry antioxidant for fatty-based coating adjuvants in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty/dry foods... 

Properties Water-wh. to pale yel. liq. sol. in ether, alcohol insol. in water m.w. 202.44 dens. 0.849 (15.5/15.5 C) m.p. -7 C b.p. 274-278 C flash pt. (OC) 127 C ref. index 1.4589 Toxicology Irritant avoid contact and inh. strong sensitizer mutagenic data TSCA listed Precaution Combustible Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of SOx Uses Catalyst accelerator for unsat. polyester resins modifier in polymerization reactions, esp. for SBR reducing initiator chain transfer agent for styrene-butadiene/chloroprene rubber prod. In food-pkg. adhesives adjuvant in food pkg. 

Zoledronic acid has been used to counter the adverse effects of aromatase inhibitors on bone density [SEDA-32, 753]. It seems very likely that the risk of accelerated bone loss and consequent fractures during adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy would similarly be reduced by the use of denosu-mab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against receptor activator of NFk-B. A US group has reported on a group of 252 patients with breast cancer and low bone mass (but no osteoporosis) taking aromatase inhibitors for long periods [42 ]. All received supplementary calcium... 

One major application of trisiloxane superspreading surfactants is therefore as adjuvants in a agriculture applications [87], The superior coverage increases the contact area of the active ingredient with the plant additionally, the low surface tension promotes stomatal infiltration and an accelerated uptake and translocation of the active ingredient into the plant. Subsequently, this leads to improved rainfastness. 

---