Adjunctive techniques

NHH Heegaard, HD Mortensen, P Roepstorff. Demonstration of a heparinbinding site in serum amyloid P component using affinity capillary electrophoresis as an adjunct technique. J Chromatogr A 717 83—90, 1995. 

Immunohistochemistry is an invaluable adjunct technique because of the potential for many different neoplasms to display a rhabdoid appearance. Figure 17.27 shows an immunohistogram of the most frequently found markers in MRT, compiled from four series. 793,i97,200 MRT is typically a polyphenotypic neoplasm with coexpression of vimentin (Fig. 17.28) at least one epithelial marker such as cytokeratin (Fig. 17.29) or epithelial membrane antigen (Fig. 17.30) neuroectodermal markers such as neuron-specific enolase, synaptophysin... 

A great many books have appeared, since the discovery of atomic absorption spectrometry and its whole-hearted acceptance as an analytical technique, and continue to do so, on atomic absorption spectrometry with obviously the earlier ones devoted solely to FAAS, more recent ones to both FAAS and ET-AAS or concentrating on ET-AAS which as well as other variants of AAS and adjunct techniques. Early coverage of EAAS in a book is by Elwell and Gidley... 

EM accessories and adjunct techniques have become increasingly useful on a routine basis to produce information on compositional differences within a colloid system on a per colloid basis. EDS is readily applied to embedded particles (both sections and films), with greatly improved spatial resolution over the whole mount measures of the past. Conventional STEM-EDS provides qualitative elemental composition analyses for elements of atomic number greater than 10. When standards can be created with reafistic matrix properties, good semi-quantitative measures can be made (relative amounts of major elements). Some specialized instruments can detect some elements of Z<10, as can a related accessory technology, that of EELS. When precautions are taken to minimize instrument destruction of sample during irradiation, diffraction patterns can be obtained from embedded crystals in the near-nanometer... 

Weiss D. Delivery of gene transfer vectors to lung obstacles and the role of adjunct techniques for airway administration. Mol Ther 2002 6(2) 148 152. 

Therefore, this chapter will focus upon the use of POBA and other intravascular therapeutic interventions above and below the level of the inguinal ligament. Adjunctive techniques to POBA that allow for dilatation of resistant calcified lesions such as atherectomy or allow for improved balloon dilatation of compliant lesions or treatment of complications of angioplasty such as intravascular metallic stents, and finally therapy to improve the results of balloon dilatation for occlusions with thrombolytic therapy will be discussed. 

Adjunct techniques can provide opioidsparing effects, reducing the incidence of opioid-related adverse effects. According to the results of a meta-analysis, adjunctive acupuncture reduced the consumption of opioid-related adverse effects such as nausea, dizziness, sedation, pruritus, and urinary retention [32 ]. 

Individuals with thoracic restriction, neuromuscular conditions, and spinal cord injury benefit from adjunctive techniques for volume recruitment and secretion clearance. In fact,... 

Adjunctive techniques help offset some of the loads imposed on already weakened respiratory muscles (46). However, good oropharyngeal and laryngeal muscle strength and... 

Thus, PSA techniques serve as a valuable adjunct to the methods currently used in decision making by both industry and government. Although not yet developed to the point where they can be used without caution, they provide a framework of integrated engineering logic that can be used to tify and evaluate critical areas that influence... 

Exploitation of analytical selectivity. We have seen, in our discussion of the A —> B C series reaction (Scheme IX), that access to the concentration of A as a function of time is valuable because it permits to be easily evaluated. Modern analytical methods, particularly chromatography, constitute a powerful adjunct to kinetic investigations, and they render nearly obsolete some very difficult kinetic problems. For example, the freedom to make use of the pseudoorder technique is largely dependent upon the high sensitivity of analytical methods, which allows us to set one reactant concentration much lower than another. An interesting example of analytical control in the study of the Scheme IX system is the spectrophotometric observation of the reaction solution at an isosbestic point of species B and C, thus permitting the A to B step to be observed. 

The measurement of filth elements by microanalysis is a valuable adjunct in the enforcement of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and serves as an efficient means of evaluating conditions of cleanliness, decency, and sanitation in food-producing plants. This, of course, is in addition to the value of microanalytical methods in the determination of the fitness of foods as they reach the consumer. The techniques available, together with proficiency of manipulation, repeated references to authentic materials, and sound judgment in the interpretation of results, provide effective enforcement weapons in the constant war to prevent the production and interstate distribution of products which are unfit for the table of the American consumer. 

Stress reduction techniques. Psychotherapy including stress management, guided imagery, and relaxation techniques are being used more frequently as adjunctive therapies for patients with psoriasis. Stress reduction has been shown to improve both the extent and severity of psoriasis. 

XPS has typically been regarded primarily as a surface characterization technique. Indeed, angle-resolved XPS studies can be very informative in revealing the surface structure of solids, as demonstrated for the oxidation of Hf(Sio.sAso.5)As. However, with proper sample preparation, the electronic structure of the bulk solid can be obtained. A useful adjunct to XPS is X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which probes the bulk of the solid. If trends in the XPS BEs parallel those in absorption energies, then we can be reasonably confident that they represent the intrinsic properties of the solid. Features in XANES spectra such as pre-edge and absorption edge intensities can also provide qualitative information about the occupation of electronic states. 

A most widely used technique for quantitative trace analysis. Used as an adjunct to other spectrometric techniques in the identification and structural analysis of organic materials. Relative precision 0.5-5%. 

A useful adjunct is the well-known pulse-chase technique, in which exposure to a radiolabeled compound for a specified period of time (pulse) is followed by the administration of the same compound that is not labeled (chase). 

Pluym et al. compared the use of CE to that of HPLC in chemical and pharmaceutical quality control. They stated that CE could be considered as a complementary technique to HPLC because of its large separation capacity, its simplicity, and its economical benefits. Jimidar et al. decided that CE offers high separation efficiency and can be applied as an adjunct in HPLC method validation. Mol et al. evaluated the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI—MS) in impurity profiling of drugs, which resulted in efficient separations. 

In order to achieve complete destruction of biological contaminants in water through sonication very high ultrasonic intensities are necessary. Unfortunately this makes the technique expensive to use for general microbiological decontamination. However over the last two decades some conventional disinfection techniques involving chemicals, ultraviolet light and heat treatment have become less effective as some bacteria become more resistant. Such processes have become a focus for the use of sonication as an adjunct to other techniques. 

---