Adhesion finish formulation

Post-Treatments. Although many post-treatments have been used over plated metals, chromate conversion coatings remain as the most popular. Chromates are used to improve corrosion resistance, provide good paint and adhesive base properties, or to produce brighter or colored finishes. Formulations are usually proprietary, and variations are marketed for use on zinc, zinc alloys, cadmium, copper and copper alloys, and silver (157). Chromates are also used on aluminum and magnesium alloys (158,159). More recently, chromate passivation has been used to extend salt spray resistance of autocatalytic nickel plated parts. 

Aramid fibers are widely used as reinforcing fibers in high performance composites. One disadvantage is the poor adhesion to the matrix materials. This arises from the lack of functional groups in the polymer. To overcome the lack of adhesion, the fibers are treated by so-called finish formulations, which is essentially a surface treatment. 

Sheu G S and Shvu S S (1994) Surface modification of Kevlar 149 fibers by gas plasma treatment. Part II Improved interfacial adhesion to epoxy resin, J Adhes Sci Technol 8 1027-1042. de Lange P J, Akker P G, Maeder E, Gao S L, Prasithphol W and Young R J (2007) Controlled interfacial adhesion of Twaron aramid fibers in composites by the finish formulation. Compos Sci Technol 67 2027-2035. 

Acrylates are primarily used to prepare emulsion and solution polymers. The emulsion polymerization process provides high yields of polymers in a form suitable for a variety of appHcations. Acrylate polymer emulsions were first used as coatings for leather in the eady 1930s and have found wide utiHty as coatings, finishes, and binders for leather, textiles, and paper. Acrylate emulsions are used in the preparation of both interior and exterior paints, door poHshes, and adhesives. Solution polymers of acrylates, frequentiy with minor concentrations of other monomers, are employed in the preparation of industrial coatings. Polymers of acryHc acid can be used as superabsorbents in disposable diapers, as well as in formulation of superior, reduced-phosphate-level detergents. 

MIBK is a highly effective separating agent for metals from solutions of their salts and is used in the mining industries to extract plutonium from uranium, niobium from tantalum, and zirconium from hafnium (112,113). MIBK is also used in the production of specialty surfactants for inks (qv), paints, and pesticide formulations, examples of which are 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol and its ethoxylated adduct. Other appHcations include as a solvent for adhesives and wax/oil separation (114), in leather (qv) finishing, textile coating, and as a denaturant for ethanol formulations. 

Note that the surfaee roughness to proeess risk,, Sp, is not ineluded in the formulation to determine the standard deviation of the toleranee. However, a 0.4 pm Ra surfaee finish is required to provide adequate frietional adhesion between the shaft and hub bore (Bolz, 1981). This eapability requirement is met by the manufaeturing proeesses seleeted when analysed using CA. 

Paints are specially formulated for one of two processes. In the first, anodic electrodeposition, the article to be painted is made the anode in a d.c. circuit. Cathodic electrodeposition is the reverse operation. The process takes place under carefully controlled conditions in a tank. Current passes through the paint causing it to deposit uniformly over the article in a uniform film whose thickness can be accurately controlled. The paint film is insoluble in water and exhibits remarkable adhesion after stoving. Electrodeposition is widely used to apply primers, e.g. by car manufacturers, and one coat finishes. 

A wide variety of paint systems may, however, be used over the pretreatment primers. Applying a coat of inhibitive primer such as zinc chromate after the pretreatment primer is less advantageous than applying an additional coat of finishing paint indeed, unless the inhibitive primer is carefully formulated, it may contribute problems of intercoat adhesion and blistering. 

Isophorone is a solvent for a large number of natural and synthetic polymers, resins, waxes, fats, and oils. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for concentrated vinyl chloride/acetate-based coating systems for metal cans, other metal paints, nitrocellulose finishes, printing inks for plastics, some herbicide and pesticide formulations, and adhesives for plastics, poly(vinyl) chloride and polystyrene materials (Papa and Sherman 1981). Isophorone also is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3, 5-xylenol, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanol (Papa and Sherman 1981), and plant growth retardants (Haruta et al. 1974). Of the total production, 45-65% is used in vinyl coatings and inks, 15-25% in agricultural formulations, 15-30% in miscellaneous uses and exports, and 10% as a chemical intermediate (CMA 1981). 

Fig. 3 represents an example of the mat-like paving materials. According to the execution method as shown in Fig. 4, the mat-like paving materials are generally bonded to cement concrete or asphalt concrete substrates by using adhesives, and finished with acrylic resin topcoatings. Sometimes, fresh compositions with the same formulations are placed on the primer-treated cement concrete or asphalt concrete substrates, pressed with hot rollers, and finished with the same topcoating in the field. 

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