Adenosine triphosphate roles

Phosphate also plays a central role in the transmission and control of chemical energy within the cells primarily via the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate ester bond of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule (Fig. 14-3b). In addition, phosphate is a necessary constituent of phospholipids, which are important components in cell membranes, and as mentioned before, of apatite, which forms structural body parts such as teeth and bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the cycling of P is closely linked with biological processes. This connection is, in fact, inseparable as organisms cannot exist without P, and their existence controls, to a large extent, the natural distribution of P. 

Phosphate condensation reactions play an essential role in metabolism. Recall from Section 14.6 that the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) requires an input of free energy ADP -I-H3 PO4 ATP +H2O AG° — +30.6kJ As also described in that section, ATP serves as a major biochemical energy source, releasing energy in the reverse, hydrolysis, reaction. The ease of interchanging O—H and O—P bonds probably accounts for the fact that nature chose a phosphate condensation/hydrolysis reaction for energy storage and transport. 

Only a few years after the Miller-Urey experiment was published, J. Oro was able to synthesize one of the most important biomolecules, adenine. This purine derivative is not only a component of the nucleic acids, but as ATP, adenosine triphosphate (in combination with ribose and three phosphate residues), it plays a key role in the metabolism of all living creatures. The chemical formula of adenine is C5H5N5, or expressed in another way, (HCN)s. 

During a search for high-energy phosphates, Ponnamperuma was able to synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from ADP, AMP or adenosine from ethyl metaphosphate in dilute aqueous solution under the influence of UV light. The role of the UV irradiation is unclear, as the phosphate itself is a high-energy species (Ponnamperuma et al., 1963). 

Mitochondrial heterogeneity leads to multiple simultaneous TCA cycles in astrocytes and neurons 546 Partial TCA cycles can provide energy in brain 546 Adenosine triphosphate production in brain is highly regulated 546 Phosphocreatine has a role in maintaining adenosine triphosphate levels in brain 546... 

Two important implications of the reactions described in Equations (5.1) and (5.2) are (i) that redox reactions play an important role in metabolic transformations, with the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acting as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as electron donor in anabolism, and (ii) that energy must be produced by catabolism and used in biosyntheses (almost always in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP). 

Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine 5 -(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH]... 

Mitochondria are found in the cell body and all processes of the neuron. They possess a double membrane and their own DNA and they play a role in cellular respiration and energy synthesis. Mitochondria contain enzymes essential for energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 

Phosphorus is one of the inorganic macronutrients in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of phosphate (PO/ ) plays a major role in vital biological molecules, such as DNA and RNA. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts are... 

The role of cyclic 3, 5 -adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger in the actions of catecholamines acting on p-receptors. ATP adenosine triphosphate. 

The hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate 14, ATP, to adenosine diphosphate 15,ADP,is of considerable chemical and biochemical importance since such processes catalyzed by numerous enzymes play a crucial role in... 

Another important biochemical compound derived from adenine is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP plays a critical role in supplying energy in organisms to support metabolism. ATP is a nucleotide similar to RNA. In ATP the base is adenine and the phosphorus group is a three-phosphoryl (P032 ) chain. 

In the 20 years since Daly reported the potential of adenosine receptors as drug targets (Daly, 1982), considerable advances have been made in the field of purinergic receptor-related research. Although a range of neurotransmitters is known, today there is no doubt that adenosine and adenosine 5 -triphosphate (ATP) also play an important role in the process of cell to cell communication. This function leads to multiple potential indications for research on adenosine and ATP, e.g. neurodegeneration or cardiovascular diseases, but here the focus lies on adenosine s role in pain (see also review by Salter and Sollevi, 2001). 

Kinetic studies of the nucleotide analogs, y-phenylpropyl di- and triphosphate, have been undertaken to define the role of the adenosine residue in the chemical and enzymic reactions of adenosine triphosphate. A catalytic function associated with binding of metal ions at the adenine nitrogens has been ascribed to the adenosine moiety in phosphate transfer reactions in which adenosine di- or triphosphates function as the phosphate source109-"2. The pH-rate profile (Fig. 6) for the hydrolysis of -y-phenylpropyl diphosphate... 

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