Adenine-containing Nucleotides

In addition to the usual adenine nucleotides (such as adenosine 5-phosphate, adenosine 5-pyrophosphate, and adenosine 5-triphosphoric acid) present in bacterial extracts, several adenine nucleotides of uncertain structure have been reported. These substances, termed adenylyl peptides have been isolated from trichloroacetic acid extracts of Staphylococcus aureus  

Similar substances containing adenylic acid and amino acids have been obtained from Escherichia coli and from Bacillus subtilisP 

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Purine derivatives with neurotransmitter function are all derived from adenine-containing nucleotides or nucleosides. ATP is released along with acetylcholine and other transmitters, and among other functions it regulates the emission of transmitters from its synapse of origin. The stimulatory effect of caffeine is mainly based on the fact that it binds to adenosine receptors. 

Both of these aedvation reactions are linked to adenine-containing nucleotides of great biological importance, Since the measurement of light can be made an extremely sensitive and rapid technique, the... 

Mutations can also be caused chennically, and nitrous acid is one of the most potent chemical mutagens. One explanation that has been suggested for the mutagenic effect of nitrous acid is the deanfination reactions that it causes with purines and pyrimidines bearing amino groups. When, for example, an adenine-containing nucleotide is treated with nitrous add, it is converted to a hypoxanthine derivative ... 

The utility of the Zincke reaction has been extended to the preparation of various NAD and NADH analogs. Holy and co-workers synthesized a series of NAD analogs containing nucleotide bases as a means to study through-space interaction between the pyridinium and base portions. Nicotinamide-derived Zincke salt 8 was used to link with various adenine derivatives via tethers that contained hydroxyl (105 —> 106, Scheme 8.4.35), phosphonate (107—>108, Scheme 8.4.36), and carboxylate "... 

In relation to separation of nucleotides, Hoffman61 found that adenine nucleotides interacted most strongly with cycloheptaamylose, presumably by inclusion of the base within the cavity of cyclodextrin. When epichlorohydrin-cross-linked cycloheptaamylose gel was used as a stationary phase for nucleic acid chromatography, adenine-containing compounds were retarded most strongly. 

Gurzadyan GG, Gorner H (1994) Damage to uracil- and adenine-containing bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides quantum yields on irradiation at 193 and 254 nm. Photochem... 

DNA contains all the cell s hereditary information. Upon cell division, each new cell receives a complete copy of its parents DNA. The sequence of the subunit nucleotides along the polymer chain holds this information. Nucleotides are made up of deoxyribose, phosphoric acid, and a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base. RNA is a polymer of ribose-containing nucleotides. Of the nitrogenous bases, adenine, guanine, and cytosine are... 

Nicotinic acid was first identified as an essential dietary supplement in 1937. It can be found in an active form as either free nicotinic acid, the amide derivative or bound to the pyridine-containing nucleotides (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and the corresponding phosphate ester (NADP)). 

Four important coenzymes contain nucleotides as part of their structures. We have already mentioned coenzyme A (for its structure, see page 312), which contains ADP as part of its structure. It is a biological acyl-transfer agent and plays a key role in fat metabolism. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme that dehydrogenates alcohols to aldehydes or ketones, or the reverse process It reduces carbonyl groups to alcohols. It consists of two nucleotides linked by the 5 hydroxyl group of each ribose unit. 

Oxidized pyridine nucleotides, adenine containing compounds Potassium cyanide Oxidized pyridine nucleotides-fluorescent zones, adenine containing... 

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid the genetic material of cells, containing nucleotides with deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and the four bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, double helix The hehcal shape of the donhle chain of DNA that is like a spiral staircase with a sugar-phosphate hackhone on the outside and base pairs like stair steps on the inside, frameshift mutation A mutation that inserts or deletes a hase in a DNA sequence. 

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) has been electropolymerized using cyclic voltammetry. Cyclic voltammograms of poly (FAD) modified electrode were demonstrated dramatic anodic current increasing when the electrolyte solution contained NADH compare with the absence of pyridine nucleotide. 

Several classes of vitamins are related to, or are precursors of, coenzymes that contain adenine nucleotides as part of their structure. These coenzymes include the flavin dinucleotides, the pyridine dinucleotides, and coenzyme A. The adenine nucleotide portion of these coenzymes does not participate actively in the reactions of these coenzymes rather, it enables the proper enzymes to recognize the coenzyme. Specifically, the adenine nucleotide greatly increases both the affinity and the speeifieity of the coenzyme for its site on the enzyme, owing to its numerous sites for hydrogen bonding, and also the hydrophobic and ionic bonding possibilities it brings to the coenzyme structure. 

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