Adenosine triphosphate ATP-use

Magnesium ions are also involved in biological processes and occur in cells at millimolar concentrations [315]. Magnesium can be estimated based on the chemical shift difference of the resonances of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using P NMR [316-318], though P NMR has intrinsically low signal-to-noise, exacerbated under many pathophysiological conditions, such as ischemia. 

Phosphorous is an important element in essentially all existing forms of life. In human beings, phosphorous is found predominantly in the form of phosphate. Phosphate is the sixth most abundant mineral in the body and is the most abundant intracellular anion in the body. It provides the energy-rich bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) used for multiple processes in the body, including... 

Active Transport. Maintenance of the appropriate concentrations of K" and Na" in the intra- and extracellular fluids involves active transport, ie, a process requiring energy (53). Sodium ion in the extracellular fluid (0.136—0.145 AfNa" ) diffuses passively and continuously into the intracellular fluid (<0.01 M Na" ) and must be removed. This sodium ion is pumped from the intracellular to the extracellular fluid, while K" is pumped from the extracellular (ca 0.004 M K" ) to the intracellular fluid (ca 0.14 M K" ) (53—55). The energy for these processes is provided by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and requires the enzyme Na" -K" ATPase, a membrane-bound enzyme which is widely distributed in the body. In some cells, eg, brain and kidney, 60—70 wt % of the ATP is used to maintain the required Na" -K" distribution. 

Ill these simultaneous reactions, die energy released when the complex molecule AB is broken down is immediately used to build a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate (P,). ATP is a high energy compound. It is called the energy currency of the body because once it is formed, it provides energy that the body can spend later to drive vital reactions in cells (Figure 1). 

Figure 29.1 An overview of catabolic pathways for the degradation of food and the production of biochemical energy. The ultimate products of food catabolism are C02 and H2O, with the energy released in the citric acid cycle used to drive the endergonic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus phosphate ion, HOPO32-.

The energy released in catabolic pathways is used in the electron-transport chain to make molecules of adenosine triphosphate, ATP. ATP, the final result of food catabolism, couples to and drives many otherwise unfavorable reactions. 

The relative strengths of bonds are important for understanding the way that energy is used in bodies to power our brains and muscles. For instance, adenosine triphosphate, ATP (35), is found in ever)- living cell. The triphosphate part of this molecule is a chain of three phosphate groups. One of the phosphate groups is removed in a reaction with water. The P O bond in ATP requires only 276 kjmol-1 to break and the new P—O bond formed in H2P04 releases 350 kj-mol-1 when it forms. As a result, the conversion of ATP to adenosine diphosphate, ADP, in the reaction... 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an extremely important molecule in biological systems. Consult standard reference sources in your library to describe how this molecule is used in energy transfer to facilitate nonspontaneous processes necessary for life. 

Luciferase assay. In this technique, firefly luciferase is used to measure small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a bacterial culture, ATP levels being reduced by the inhibitory action of aminoglycoside antibiotics. This method may find more application in the future as more active and reliable luciferase preparations become available. 

The process occurring in plants and algae by which water is oxidized to molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide is converted to carbohydrates in the presence of light is called photosynthesis. In addition to the products oxygen and carbohydrate, light energy is stored chemically in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for later use for a variety of purposes. The production of... 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The principal chemical energy source for cellular processes. It is largely produced during aerobic metabolism. In the neuron most ATP is used in the maintenance of the electrochemical gradient required to generate an action potential. 

Two important implications of the reactions described in Equations (5.1) and (5.2) are (i) that redox reactions play an important role in metabolic transformations, with the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) acting as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as electron donor in anabolism, and (ii) that energy must be produced by catabolism and used in biosyntheses (almost always in the form of adenosine triphosphate, ATP). 

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important cofactors involved in many of the synthetic reactions going on within the cell. Its recent large scale in vitro enzymatic synthesis from adenosine and acetylphosphate is of particular interest. Three enzymes immobilized in polyacrylamide gel were used adenosine kinase, adenylate kinase and acetate kinase (lip. ... 

The energy released is used to transfer protons across the photosynthetic membrane and ultimately this energy acts as a driving force for the catalysed production of high-energy adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. 

Mitochondria produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. This process uses oxygen and simple sugars to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell s main energy source. A set of enzyme complexes, designated as complexes I-V, carry out oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria. 

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