Adenosine receptors adenine nucleotides

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Purine derivatives with neurotransmitter function are all derived from adenine-containing nucleotides or nucleosides. ATP is released along with acetylcholine and other transmitters, and among other functions it regulates the emission of transmitters from its synapse of origin. The stimulatory effect of caffeine is mainly based on the fact that it binds to adenosine receptors. 

Abstract Adenine-based purines, such as adenosine and ATP, are ubiquitous molecules that, in addition to their roles in metabolism, act as modulators of neurotransmitter release through activation of presynaptic PI purinoceptors or adenosine receptors (activated by adenosine) and P2 receptors (activated by nucleotides). Of the latter, the P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled, whereas the P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels and not covered in this review. 

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Adenosine and uridine di- and triphosphates have roles as extracellular signaling molecules. ATP is a component of the adrenergic storage vesicle and is released with catecholamines. Intracellular nucleotides may also reach the cell surface by other means and extracellular adenosine can result from cellular release or extracellular production from adenine nucleotides. Extracellular nucleotides and adenosine act on a family ofpurinergic receptors that is divided into two classes,... 

Caffeine is one of a group of substances called methylxanthines. They are closely similar compounds to adenine and guanine, which are building blocks in the nucleotides AMP, ADP, ATP and GMP, GDP and GTP. Caffeine is the main stimulant substance in coffee but similar compounds, theophylline and theobromine, are found in cocoa and tea. All of them promote wakefulness. Caffeine is the stimulant in such drinks as Red Bull. One of the sites of action of these substances is the enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase, where they act as inhibitors (see Appendix 13). This effectively keeps the systems that are activated by cAMP switched on. It is now known also that these compounds have another site of action in the brain and elsewhere. In these locations there are inhibitory adenosine receptors, upon which caffeine acts as an antagonist. 

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