Adds, definition

Chemists often indicate the concentration of a substance in water solution in terms of the number of moles of the substance dissolved per liter of solution. This is called the molar concentration. A one-molar solution (1 M) contains one mole of the solute per liter of total solution. a two-molar solution (2 M) contains two moles of solute per liter, and a 0.1-molar solution (0.1 M) contains one-tenth mole of solute per liter. Notice that the concentration of water is not specified, though we must add definite amounts of water to make the solutions. 

This Fifteenth Edition contains over 4,200 new or updated entries. Special effort was directed to add definitions and terms of art for biochemistry. Over 700 entries reflecting the great interest in biochemistry are now included. Over 90 terms relating to nano technology were added. Almost 3,000 new chemicals were added, including trade named products. Links to worldwide web page addresses for manufacturers and associations in the appropriate entries and in Appendix III were verified or added. Trademarked entries and their associated manufacturers were updated to reflect the constant flux in the modem chemical industry. 

In the same way that (14.9) might be called the key equation of Chapter 14, so (15.2) is the key equation of this chapter. In the remaining pages, discussion revolves around this equation. A small extension leads to one additional term and to eqn. (15.6), but the main idea of the chapter has just been stated—that to treat the material as substrate plus additive adds definiteness. The function of the remaining pages is to enlarge upon the previous paragraph. 

In DKH/MgHri, Till-, and THF/MgOk solvent deuleration gives a 12- l3 /r increase in (C pMglir). II s is a solution reaction, this disproves the A models (AAD and ADD) definitively. 

Definition Syn. compd. derived from fatly adds and ethylene oxide Uses Surfactant in cosmetics ManufAXstrib. Somerset Cosmetic Co. foriati Disodium PEG-8 licinosuccinate Classification Dicarboxylic add Definition Disodium salt of a dicarboxylic add Empirical C3jH790,5 2Na... 

Synonyms PEG-6 isostearyl ether carboxylic add PEG 300 isosteatyl ether car-box ic add POE (6) isostearyl ether carboxylic add Definition Carboxylic add of ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol Empirical C3<,H6(,08... 

Decanolc add, mixed esters with neopentyl glycol and oclanolc add Definition DIester of a blend of capryllc and capric adds and neopentyl glycol Empirical 23 48 66... 

Synonyms PEG 500 monooleate POE (10) monooleate POE (10) oleic add Definition PEG ester of oleic acid Ionic Nature Nonionic Empirical C3gH,40,2... 

Synonyms Coconut fatly acids, 1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl ester Fatly acids, coco, diesterwith propylene glycol Fatty adds, coco, 1-melhyl-1,2-ethanediyl esters Propylene glycol dicoconate Propylene glycol diesler coconut adds Definition DIester of propylene glycol and coconut add Fonnula RCO-OCH2CHCH3O-RCO, RCO- rep. fatty adds from coconut oil Uses EmolllenL emulsifier in cosmetics food-pkg. adhesives in resinous/polymeric food-contact coalings defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard in food-contact textiles... 

Defin ition Triethanolamine salt of the condensation prod, of hydrolyzed collagen and lauric acid chloride Uses Surfactant in cosmetics ManufJDistrib. Somerset Cosmetic Co. Variati TEA-lauroyl keratin amino acids Synonyms TEA-lauroyl animal keratin amino adds Definition Triethanolaminesaltofthe condensation prod, of lauric add chloride and keratin amino acids... 

Having settled on a definition of chemoinformatics, it is time for us to reflect on the distinction between chemoinformatics and bioinformatics. The objects of interest of bioinformatics are mainly genes and proteins. But genes, DNA and RNA, and proteins are chemical compounds They are objects of high interest in chemistry, Chemists have made substantial contributions to the elucidation of the structure and function of nucleic adds and proteins. The message is dear there is no clearcut distinction between bioinfonnatics and chemoinformatics I... 

To decide which molecule to add at each iteration requires the dissimilarity values between each molecule remaining in the database and those already placed into the subset to be calculated. Again, this can be achieved in several ways. Snarey et al. investigated two conunon definitions, MaxSum and MaxMin. If there are m molecules in the subset then... 

The residual liquid in the flask is a dilute alkaline solution of sodium acetate. To liberate the acetic acid, add dilute sulphuric acid until the solution is definitely acid to litmus, and then distil off about 20 ml. Perform on this aqueous distillate the tests for acetic acid given on p. 347-... 

Add dil. HjS04 to the residue in the flask until definitely acid to litmus. Distil off 1 2 ml., and perform tests on this aqueous distillate for acetic acid. 

Suspend the crude hydrochloride in some water in a separating-funnel and add 20% sodium hydroxide solution until the mixture is definitely alkaline and the crude phenylhydrazine base floats as a deep red oil on the surface. Now extract the phenylhydrazine twice with benzene (using about 30 ml. of benzene on each occasion) and dry the united benzene extracts with powdered... 

Sulphur. Moisten the centre of a filter-paper with lead acetate solution. Then add about 10 ml. of dilute hydrochloric acid to the residue in the evaporating-basin, and at once cover the latter with the paper. If zinc sulphide is present in the residue, the hydrogen sulphide evolved will give a definite daA brown coloration with the lead acetate paper. The presence of hydrogen sulphide can often be confirmed by its odour. 

Take two test-tubes A and B in A place about 5 ml. of neutralised tartaric acid solution and in B place 5 ml. of distilled water. To each solution add 3-4 drops of ferric chloride solution. Place a piece of white paper under the tubes, look down their length and note that A is definitely yellow compared with the control tube B. This yellow colour is given by a-hydroxy-carboxylic-acids, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid. 

Oxidation, (i) Dissolve 5 g. of potassium dichromate in 20 ml. of dil. H2SO4 in a 100 ml. bolt-head flask. Cool and add 1 ml. of methanol. Fit the flask with a reflux water-condenser and warm gently a vigorous reaction soon occurs and the solution turns green. The characteristic pungent odour of formaldehyde is usually detected at this stage. Continue to heat for 3 minutes and then fit the flask with a knee-tube (Fig. 59, p. 100) and distil off a few ml. Test the distillate with blue litmus-paper to show that it is definitely acid. Then apply Test 3 p. 350) for formic acid. (The reflux-distillation apparatus (Fig. 38, p. 63) can conveniently be used for this test.)... 

Next cool the alkaline residue in the flask and add dil. H2SO4 until definitely acid. 

Phthalcin reaction. Fuse together very gently in a dry test-tube 01 g. of phthalimide, O l g. of phenol and 2 drops of cone. HjSO, Cool, add waier and then NaOH solution in excess. A red coloration is produced which is decolorised by acids. (Note. Succinimide gives no definite coloration in these circumstances.)... 

To the cold acid chloride add 175 ml. of pure carbon disulphide, cool in ice, add 30 g, of powdered anhydrous aluminium chloride in one lot, and immediately attach a reflux condenser. When the evolution of hydrogen chloride ceases (about 5 minutes), slowly warm the mixture to the boiling point on a water bath. Reflux for 10 minutes with frequent shaking the reaction is then complete. Cool the reaction mixture to 0°, and decompose the aluminium complex by the cautious addition, with shaking, of 100 g. of crushed ice. Then add 25 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, transfer to a 2 htre round-bottomed flask and steam distil, preferably in the apparatus, depicted in Fig. II, 41, 3 since the a-tetralone is only moderately volatile in steam. The carbon disulphide passes over first, then there is a definite break in the distillation, after whieh the a-tetralone distils completely in about 2 htres of distillate. 

The iodoform test. Dissolve 0 -1 g. or 5 drops of the compound in 2 ml. of water if it is insoluble in water, add sufficient dioxan to produce a homogeneous solution. Add 2 ml. of 5 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution and then introduce a potassium iodide - iodine reagent dropwise with shaking until a definite dark colour of iodine persists. Allow to... 

The distillate may contain volatile neutral compounds as well as volatile acids and phenols. Add a slight excess of 10-20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution to this distillate and distil until the liquid passes over clear or has the density of pure water. The presence of a volatile, water-soluble neutral compound is detected by a periodic determination of the density (see Section XI,2) if the density is definitely less than unity, the presence of a neutral compound may be assumed. Keep this solution Si) for Step 4. 

The oil that remains is only slightly dark. Definitely translucent which is always lovely. One can then add some water to take up the unreacted salts and separate the oil from this. If an emulsion forms it can be busted up with some 10% HCl. That isosafrole is clean enough to proceed with but it can of course be distilled for ultra purity. 

In the extreme case where rjrj =0 because both rj and i2 equal zero, the copolymer adds monomers with perfect alternation. This is apparent from the definition of r, which compares the addition of the same monomer to the other monomer for a particular radical. If both r s are zero, there is no tendency for a radical to add a monomer of the same kind as the growing end, whichever species is the terminal unit. When only one of the r s is zero, say rj, then alternation occurs whenever the radical ends with an Mj unit. There is thus a tendency toward alternation in this case, although it is less pronounced than in the case where both r s are zero. Accordingly, we find increasing tendency toward alternation as rj 0 and rj 0, or, more succinctly, as the product X1X2 0. 

Many [2 + 2] photocycloadditions have not been assigned a definitive mechanism, but they serve well as synthetic methods. Thiones add vinyl ethers to give thietanes in very good yields (Section 5.14.4.1.2), and interesting wavelength-stereochemistry relations were found in the photoaddition of 2-adamantanone to dicyanoethylene (Section 5.14.4.1.2). Diheterocyclobutanes can also be prepared by [2 + 2] photocycloadditions (Section 5.13.3.3). 

Remember from Chapter 2, the NPSHa formula is NPSHa = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf - Hi. If you want to raise the NPSHa, it will be necessary to increase the elements (Ha, Hs) that add energy to the fluid, or decrease the elements (Hvp, Hf, Hi) that rob e- rgy from the fluid. Also remember that the NPSHr reading, printed on a pumn c -ve, currently represents a point where the pump is already suffering a 2. ss in function due to cavitation. Some people in the industry are calling for a more precise definition of NPSHr, and higher safety margins on NPSHa. 

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