Lithium-ion batteries additives

Solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), electrolyte additive, lithium ion battery, Li metal, graphite, lithium alloy. 

Lithium-ion battery packs generally consist of modules coupled in series and/or parallel, and modules in turn consist of series and/or parallel coupled cells. The assembly process is shown schematically in Figure 14.13. In addition, lithium-ion battery packs also include charge and discharge controllers, a thermal management system, a module balance electronic system, and an electronic system to communicate with the outside (such as electric vehicles). Due to the very large capacity, lithium-ion battery packs have... 

Secondary lithium-metal batteries which have a lithium-metal anode are attractive because their energy density is theoretically higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. Lithium-molybdenum disulfide batteries were the world s first secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries. However, the batteries were recalled in 1989 because of an overheating defect. Lithium-manganese dioxide batteries are the only secondary cylindrical lithium—metal batteries which are manufactured at present. Lithium-vanadium oxide batteries are being researched and developed. Furthermore, electrolytes, electrolyte additives and lithium surface treatments are being studied to improve safety and recharge-ability. 

Unfortunately, both lithium and the lithiated carbons used as the anode in lithium ion batteries (Li C, l>x>0) are thermodynamically unstable relative to solvent molecules containing polar bonds such as C-O, C-N, or C-S, and to many anions of lithium salts, solvent or salt impurities (such as water, carbon dioxide, or nitrogen), and intentionally added traces of reactive substances (additives). 

Some theoretical prerequisites for application of modified and expanded graphites, Si- and Sn-based composites and alloys, electroconducting polymers as active materials, catalysts and electro-conductive additives for lithium - ion batteries, metal-air batteries and electrochemical capacitors are considered. The models and the main concepts of battery-related use for such materials are proposed. 

Santner H. J., Moller K. C., Ivanco J., Ramsey M. G., Netzer F. P., Yamaguchi S., Besenhard J. O., Winter M., Acrylic acid nitrile, a film-forming electrolyte component for lithium-ion batteries, which belongs to the family of additives containing vinyl groups, J. Power Sources, (2003) 119, 368-372. 

The seven papers in Chapter 6 are focused on cathode materials for lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Carbon is used as a conductive additive in composite electrodes for batteries. The type of carbon and the amount can have a large effect on the electrochemical performance of the electrode. 

The topic of this book is focused on active masses containing carbon, either as an active mass (e.g., negative mass of lithium-ion battery or electrical double layer capacitors), as an electronically conducting additive, or as an electronically conductive support for catalysts. In some cases, carbon can also be used as a current collector (e.g., Leclanche cell). This chapter presents the basic electrochemical characterization methods, as applicable to carbon-based active materials used in energy storage and laboratory scale devices. 

In modem commercial lithium-ion batteries, a variety of graphite powder and fibers, as well as carbon black, can be found as conductive additive in the positive electrode. Due to the variety of different battery formulations and chemistries which are applied, so far no standardization of materials has occurred. Every individual active electrode material and electrode formulation imposes special requirements on the conductive additive for an optimum battery performance. In addition, varying battery manufacturing processes implement differences in the electrode formulations. In this context, it is noteworthy that electrodes of lithium-ion batteries with a gelled or polymer electrolyte require the use of carbon black to attach the electrolyte to the active electrode materials.49-54 In the following, the characteristic material and battery-related properties of graphite, carbon black, and other specific carbon conductive additives are described. 

Among the 9 million tons of carbon black which are produced globally per year, only a small fraction of very specific, high-purity conductive carbon blacks can be used as conductive additive in lithium-ion batteries. A traditional conductive carbon is acetylene black, a special form of a thermal black produced by the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbon feedstock.74-75 The particularity of acetylene black to other thermal carbon black production is that the starting hydrocarbon, acetylene, exothermally decomposes above 800°C.75-77 Once the reaction is started, the acetylene decomposition autogenously provides the energy required for the cracking of acetylene to carbon followed by the synthesis of the carbon black ... 

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