Additives coupling agents

In examples from Coran and coworkers an additional coupling agent could be used to dynamically vulcanize the elastomeric phase following copolymer formation with the PP matrix. 

TSE at 210°C / mechanical and thermal properties / DMA / ductile-brittle transition temperatures / SEM / selective solvent extraction / DSC / MFR / evidence for PP-EPDM copolymer internal mixer at 190°C / mechanical properties vs. use of unfunctionalized PP / PP and dimethylol phenol(2-4%) premixed before addition of rubber / optional addition of additional coupling agent / addition of 0-7.5% amine-terminated NBR... 

Uses Humectant, solvent in cosmetics surfactant intermediate humectant for printing inks plasticizer binder lubricant rubber molds water softener paper additive coupling agent in creams and lotions in food-pkg. adhesives... 

NBR (67.5-22.5)/dimethylol phenol-modified PP (25-75)/ dimethylol phenol (0-10)/SnCl2 curing agent (0-1.1) Internal mixer at 190 °C/mechanical properties vs. use of unfunctionalized PP/PP and dimethylol phenol (2-4 %) premixed before addition of rubber/ optional addition of additional coupling agent/addition of 0-7.5 % amine-terminated NBR Coran and Patel 1983b... 

Lubricants (mineral oil) Emulsifiers/surfactants Corrosion/anti-stain inhibitors Extreme-pressure additives Coupling agents Biocides... 

Hydrosilylation. The addition reaction of silane of silane coupling agents. 

Eatty bisamides are used primarily to kicrease sHp, reduce blocking, and reduce static ki polymeric systems. Other specialty appHcations kiclude cosolvents or coupling agents for polyamide reskis, fillers for electrical kisulation coatings, additives for asphalt to reduce cold flow, and synthetic waxes for textile treatments (68). Bisamides have been used ki all the traditional primary amide appHcations to kicrease lubricity and have become the amide of choice because of thek better efficiency. Bisamides have the highest commercial value ki the amide market. 

The addition—reaction product of bisphenol A [80-05-07] and glycidyl methacrylate [106-91-2] is a compromise between epoxy and methacrylate resins (245). This BSI—GMA resin polymerizes through a free-radical induced covalent bonding of methacrylate rather than the epoxide reaction of epoxy resins (246). Mineral fillers coated with a silane coupling agent, which bond the powdered inorganic fillers chemically to the resin matrix, are incorporated into BSI—GMA monomer diluted with other methacrylate monomers to make it less viscous (245). A second monomer commonly used to make composites is urethane dimethacrylate [69766-88-7]. 

Miscellaneous uses include textile bobbins, guns for hot melt adhesives and bilge pump housings. These materials are normally found in reinforced form. In addition to glass fibres, other fillers such as glass beads, talc and mica are used in conjunction with coupling agents. 

The toughness of interfaces between immiscible amorphous polymers without any coupling agent has been the subject of a number of recent studies [15-18]. The width of a polymer/polymer interface is known to be controlled by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter x between the two polymers. The value of x between a random copolymer and a homopolymer can be adjusted by changing the copolymer composition, so the main experimental protocol has been to measure the interface toughness between a copolymer and a homopolymer as a function of copolymer composition. In addition, the interface width has been measured by neutron reflection. Four different experimental systems have been used, all containing styrene. Schnell et al. studied PS joined to random copolymers of styrene with bromostyrene and styrene with paramethyl styrene [17,18]. Benkoski et al. joined polystyrene to a random copolymer of styrene with vinyl pyridine (PS/PS-r-PVP) [16], whilst Brown joined PMMA to a random copolymer of styrene with methacrylate (PMMA/PS-r-PMMA) [15]. The results of the latter study are shown in Fig. 9. 

Silane coupling agents are generally synthesized through addition of silicon hydrides to unsaturated organic molecules ... 

Sol-gel primers use inorganic or metal-organic precursors (generally aluminum, silicon or titanium alkoxides) whose chemistry is closely related to the silane coupling agents discussed previously. These precursors are dissolved in alcohol, then hydrolyzed by the addition of water ... 

With the exception of coupling agent technology, primers for structural adhesive bonding have received little theoretical treatment in the literature beyond a discussion of mechanisms of corrosion inhibition by primer additives and limited discussion about statistical techniques for primer formulation. Perhaps because of the much more widespread use and greater economic importance of corrosion-protective coatings, the design and function of primers for these systems have... 

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