Addition compounds nitrocellulose

The hypothesis that nitrocellulose is capable of forming solvates with certain solvents has been confirmed by X-rays analysis. Hess et al. [37] have established that nitrocellulose reacts to form microcrystalline addition compounds with many solvents acetone, methyl nitrate, cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone and camphor. Despite the fact that other workers (Desmaroux and Mathieu [38]) have not fully confirmed the results of Hess s experiments, they are most probably correct. 

From these facts it seems beyond doubt that the crystal lattice of nitrocellulose undergoes a marked deformation as the result of absorbing a solvent or gelatinizer. For the time being it is difficult to say whether a new chemical compound is formed. Nevertheless the formation of molecular addition compounds appears likely. It is also without question that addition compound are formed by nitrocellulose and camphor. According to Hess et al. nitrocellulose of 13.7% N combines with camphor in a 1 1 mole ratio (one molecule camphor to one anhydroglucose unit). 

The capacity of a nitrocellulose gel to bind solvents and gelatinizers should be considered as evidence that nitrocellulose yields addition compounds with those substances. 

Of particular interest in connexion with our subject is the case of compound formation by a macromolecular solid e. g., the hydrate formation by cellulose and gelatin or the formation of an addition compound between nitrocellulose and acetone. Whereas in ordinary low molecular hydrates the composition of the successive compounds X, X. HgO, X. 2HaO etc. differs considerably as regards the percentage of water and, hence, the Gibbs potentials of these compounds differ by considerable jumps, the situation is different in macromolecular substances. If e.g., each monomeric residue R of a molecule consisting of a chain of n residues can bind one water molecule, the following hydrates are possible ... 

These nitro compounds act as good plasticizers for nitrocellulose (NC). In addition, these compounds when mixed with nitroglycerine (NC) reduce its sensitivity and thus act as efficient desensitizers for its safe handling and transportation. The enhancement in performance characteristics of PBXs or propellant formulations is mainly due to the fact that the conventional non-energetic plasticizers such as... 

The systematic studies of T. Urbanski, Kwiatkowski and Miladowski [76] proved that the addition of an aromatic nitro compound distinctly enhances the stability of nitrocellulose and nitrocellulose powder. Thus, nitrocellulose containing 13.4% N which on heating for 5 hr at 120°C had pH=2.28 showed pH=2.89 on addition of 9 1% p-nitrotoluene, pH=3.17 on addition of 9.1 % 2,4-dinitrotoluene and pH=3.34 on addition of the same amount of a-trinitrotoluene. The same samples when heated in a constant volume (Tagliani test) gave at 134.5°C a pressure of decomposition... 

Cellulose dissolves in Schweitzer s reagent, an ammoniacal solution of cupric oxide. After treatment with an alkali, ibe addition of carbon disulfide causes formation of sodium xanihate. a process used in the production of rayon. Sec also Fibers. The action of acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid produces cellulose acetates, the basis for a line of synthetic materials. See also Cellulose Ester Plastics (Organic). Nitrocelluloses are produced hy ihc action of nitric acid and sulfuric acid on cellulose, yielding compounds that are highly flammable and explosive. See also Explosives. 

The sensitiveness of ammonium nitrate to initiation is increased by the addition to it of explosive substances, such as nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, or aromatic nitro compounds, or of... 

Triphenylphosphate is a colorless, odorless, crystalline solid (mp, 49°C bp, 245°C). It is moderately toxic. A similar, but much more toxic, compound is tri-o-cresyl-phosphate (TOCP), an aryl phosphate ester with a notorious record of poisonings.3 Before its toxicity was fully recognized, TOCP was a common contaminant of commercial tricresylphosphate. Tricresylphos-phate is an industrial chemical with numerous applications and consists of a mixture of phosphate esters in which the hydrocarbon moieties are meta and para cresyl substituents. It has been used as a lubricant, gasoline additive, flame retardant, solvent for nitrocellulose, plasticizer, and even a cooling fluid for machine guns. Although modem commercial tricresylphosphate contains less than 1% TOCP, contaminant levels of up to 20% in earlier products have resulted in severe poisoning incidents. 

Explosives, examination of finisheblack powder, 29 dinitrobenzene, 47 dinit rocdil or hydrin, 41 dinitroglycol, 40 industnal blasting explosives, 54 lead azide, 60 mercury fiilminate, 59 nitrated polysaccharides, 42 nitrocellulose, 32 nitro-compounds (additional), 48 nitroglycerine, 39 nitromannite, 43 nitronaphthaienes, 47 picric acid and picrates, 44 smokeless powders, 49 starch nitrate, 41... 

Nitration, the addition of the nitro group (-NO2) to a compound, is one of the most important commercial reactions used during the manufacture of dyes, fertilizers, explosives (e.g., nitrocellulose), plastics, etc. The principal nitrating agent is nitric acid (7697-37-2) which acts in a two stage process to generate the nitronium ion (N02 ) ... 

Natural and synthetic rubber and synthetic resins are soluble in organic solvents resulting in cements, resin solutions, or lacquers. In addition, there are many cellulose derivatives, such as nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate butyrate, used in preparing solvent-based adhesives. Solvent-hased adhesives are also prepared from cyclized rubber, polyamide, and polyisobutylene. Low-molecular-weight polyurethane and epoxy compounds can be used with or without solvent. On the other hand, high-molecular-weight types or prepolymers require solvent to make application possible. 

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