Added water

Moisture content is related to protein content and is relatively constant. Feder s method of analysis of water added to chopped or ground meat or to emulsion-type sausages is based on these findings. The method uses the empirical equation  

This indirect method for assessing the amount of added water has been repeatedly criticized. In spite of this, no better method has yet been developed. Moreover, the calculated water content is never used alone to evaluate a meat product. Other significant data, such as muscle protein content and the proportion of fat to protein, are also included. 

---

Caution For ion ic reaction s in solution, solven t effects can play a sign ificari I roic. fhesc, of course, arc neglected in calculation s on a single molecule. You can obtain an indication of solvent effects from sem i-eni pirical calculations by carefully adding water molecules to th e solute m olectile. 

The success of this preparation depends upon the use of the apparatus (1) depicted in Fig.///, 57, 1, which permits of the automatic separation of the water produced in the reaction this will be termed a water-separator tube. Convenient dimensions for students preparations are indicated in the diagram. Determine the volume v of the tube up to the neck, i.e., between A and B, by adding water from a burette. The quantity of water which should be eliminated, assuming a quantitative conversion of the alcohol into the ether, may be computed from the equation ... 

A good 3ueld of 5-iodo-2-aminotoluene may be obtained by intimately mixing o-toluidine hydrochloride, iodine and calcium carbonate, and then adding water to the mixture. The liberated hydriodic acid reacts at once with the Calcium carbonate and the lij driodide of the base is not formed. 

Its natural and prepared compounds are widely used. Quicklime (CaO), which is made by heating limestone that is changed into slaked lime by carefully adding water, is the great base of chemical refinery with countless uses. 

Nitration in aqueous solutions of nitric acid Added water retards nitration in concentrated nitric acid without disturbing the kinetic order of the reaction. The rate of nitration of nitrobenzene was depressed sixfold by the addition of 5 % of water, (c. 3 2 mol 1 ), but because of the complexity of the equilibria involving water, which exist in these media, no simple relationship could be found between the concentration of water and its effect on the rate. 

Concentrated solutions are here considered to be those containing > c. 89 % by weight of sulphuric acid. In these solutions nitric acid is completely ionised to the nitronium ion. This fact, and the notion that the nitronium ion is the most powerful electrophilic nitrating species, makes operation of this species in these media seem probable. Evidence on this point comes from the effect on the rate of added water ( 2.4.2)... 

TABLE 3.5. The ejfect of added water on the zeroth-order rates of nitration of toluene (faromatic = o-og mol l ) in a solution at —10 °C of nitric acid - yo mol l ) in nitromethane... 

Hey That really wasn t a lot of work. Just a lot of talk on Strike s part. All one did was mix an oil with some acid, added water and isolated. One gets some pure propenylbenzene without distillation. Done on a massive scale, this is a cheap method for getting lots of small concentration allylbenzene compounds out of complex oil mixes. And since Strike blew so much dough on this glorified extraction protocol, someone better damn well use it (In an academic lab of course). 

The most frequent applications of these procedures he in the preparation of terminal alkynes Because the terminal alkyne product is acidic enough to transfer a proton to amide anion one equivalent of base m addition to the two equivalents required for dou ble dehydrohalogenation is needed Adding water or acid after the reaction is complete converts the sodium salt to the corresponding alkyne... 

Calculate the sample s volume by measuring the amount of water that it displaces. This can be done by adding water to a graduated cylinder, reading the volume, adding the object, and reading the new volume. The difference in volumes is equal to the object s volume. 

When the acetylation is completed, microscopic examination of the solution should reveal no undissolved residues. The reaction is terrninated by adding water to destroy the excess anhydride and provide a water concentration of 5—10% for hydrolysis. A 10—25% cellulose acetate concentration is typical. 

Although Hitec is nonflammable, it is a strong oxidizer and supports the combustion of other materials. Consequendy, combustible materials must be excluded from contact with the molten salt. Hitec is compatible with carbon steel at temperatures up to 450°C. At higher temperatures, low alloy or austenitic stainless steel is recommended. Adding water to Hitec does not appreciably alter its corrosion behavior. 

Added Water. Frankfurters and bologna are allowed to contain combinations of fat and added water not to exceed 40% with a maximum fat content of 30%. This allows, for example, a 10% fat frankfurter to be produced with 30% added water. Substitution of large amounts of fat with water alone may not give the optimal sensory and textural properties that consumers want (43). To overcome these shortcomings, several binders can be added to improve water and fat-binding properties, cooking yields, texture, and flavor (27). 

Functional Blends. The term functional blend refers to various ingredient blends formulated to achieve a certain objective such as fat reduction. An example of this blend consists of water, partially hydrogenated canola oil, hydrolyzed beef plasma, tapioca flour, sodium alginate, and salt. This blend is designed to replace animal fat and is typically used at less than 25% of the finished product. Another functional blend is composed of modified food starch, rice flour, salt, emulsifier, and flavor. A recommended formula is 90% meat (with 10% fat), 7% added water, and 3% seasoning blend... 

Both cold- and warm-coating processes employ solutions of phenoHc resins. The principal process used for foundry resins is the hot-coating process. It is the fastest, least expensive, and safest process, and it requires no volatile removal. The sand is heated to 135—170°C in a muller, and soHd novolak resin in flake form is added, which melts quickly and coats the sand. A lubricant may be added at this point. After one minute of mulling, the batch is cooled by adding water, which evaporates rapidly. 

The bottoms from the stripper (40—60 wt % acid) are sent to an acid reconcentration unit for upgrading to the proper acid strength and recycling to the reactor. Because of the associated high energy requirements, reconcentration of the diluted sulfuric acid is a cosdy operation. However, a propylene gas stripping process, which utilizes only a small amount of added water for hydrolysis, has been described (63). In this modification, the equiUbrium quantity of isopropyl alcohol is stripped so that acid is recycled without reconcentration. Kquilibrium is attained rapidly at 50°C and isopropyl alcohol is removed from the hydrolysis mixture. Similarly, the weak sulfuric acid process minimizes the reconcentration of the acid and its associated corrosion and pollution problems. 

The manufacture of siHcone polymers via anionic polymerization is widely used in the siHcone industry. The anionic polymerization of cycHc siloxanes can be conducted in a single-batch reactor or in a continuously stirred reactor (94,95). The viscosity of the polymer and type of end groups are easily controUed by the amount of added water or triorganosUyl chain-terminating groups. 

Tetracyanofuran [17989-87-6] 2,3,4,5-furantetracarbonitrile, has been obtained by dehydration of the corresponding tetracarboxamide (60). The a-cyano groups are more reactive, preferentially adding water, hydroxjdamine, or phenylhydra2ine. 

---