Mineral water with added functional

Many synthetic substances to be used in solid dosage form are too limited in solubility to be therapeutically effective. The desirable solubility for an oral solid is suggested to be more than 1 mg/ml (0.1%). To increase solubility, a weak basic drug such as an amine may react with respective mineral acids to form salts, that is, hydrochloride (more than 40% of the salt marketed), sulfate, or phosphate. For an amine with two functional groups, a mono- or dihydrochloride salt may be formed, depending on the condition and amount of hydrochloric acid added. For an organic acid, a salt with sodium or potassium can easily be formed. Because a molecule of salt is polar, it should be freely soluble in water, reaching a therapeutic solubility level. The other types of acids commonly used for salt formation with a weak base are sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids. 

FIG. 4—The mineral alite (A) is found exclusively in clinkered cement products. Note how the relict grains appear to stand out above the surrounding matrix. This is a function of the slower light velocity through the mineral as opposed to surrounding materials. This relief helps identify alite. The arrow indicates a colorless halo around the grain that represents a hydration rim produced during the reaction of alite with added mix water. 

A functional food is one that offers a benefit over and above its nutritional value. Our body needs an intake of six essential dietary components in order to sustain life and regenerate cells they are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Many meals provide most or all of them. A functional food has to offer something extra and not just more of one of these essential components, and it must actively promote the health of those who consume it. Merely fortifying a food with calcium or vitamin C does not turn it into a functional food. Most breakfast cereals have added iron, and adding more iron in the form of iron powder to make Kellogg s Special K does not make this a functional breakfast cereal. 

Fluorine (F) and its metabolites are of importance in protecting teeth from caries. Fluorine is included in calcium hydroxyapatite, and it promotes the precipitation of calcium phosphate Ca(P03)2 and accelerates the remineralization. The necessary concentration of Fluorine added to drinking water to prevent caries is approximately 1 mg/L. Application of higher Fluorine concentrations (above 8 mg/L) leads to fluorosis. This is a disease that is characterized by a disturbance in the function of the thyroid gland. A long-term application of fluorine leads to intensive mineralization (possible precipitation of calcium sulfate), deformation of bones with possible accretion, and calcification of the connections. 

One experimental approach to determine the redox intensity at which each of these inorganic systems function has been to set up a system in which the redox potential is closely controlled and the reduction of the oxidized component of various inorganic redox systems studied. This technique involves the use of stirred soil suspensions that have their redox potential closely controlled at any point in the range indicated in Figure 4.17. A suspension with soil-to-water ratio of 1 4 for mineral soils or 1 10 for organic soils is incubated in a sealed chamber and the desired redox potential is obtained by automatically adding very small amounts of oxygen or appropriate amounts of alternate... 

---