Adaptive intracellular responses

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Figure 2.8 Light- and dark-adapted intensity-response curves recorded intracellularly from a red cone of turtle retina. The dark-adapted potential is 0 mV. This shift of the response curve enables the visual system to discriminate small increments or decrements about the background level. (Reproduced from R. A. Normann and I. Perlman. The effects of background illumination on the photoresponses of red and green cones. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 286, pp. 491-507, 1979, by permission of Blackwell Publishing, UK.)...

FIGURE 7.5 7,8-BPQ increases intracellular Ca2+ in murine spleen cells (A) and in both B and T cells (B). Single cell suspensions were prepared from murine spleens. Splenocytes were loaded with Fluo-3/AM dye for one hour and then treated with 7,8-BPQ, 1,6-BPQ, 3,6-BPQ, or DMSO (control). Surface-marker-defined T cells and B cells were treated with 7,8-BPQ or DMSO. Following treatment, the immediate intracellular Ca2+ response was continuously monitored for 15 minutes. Results are shown as the change in Mean Channel Fluorescence SEM. The numbers shown in this figure were the averages of triplicate determinants. Adapted from Gao et al., 2005. 

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