Adaptive Diagnostic Systems

Adaptive diagnostic systems are characterized by their enhanced performance when adapting to the varying dynamics of the biological system imder multimodal inspection and control. Enhanced performance include additional feedback information received from sensory front-ends or is expressed by adaptive tracking of the biological system. The devices described below represent two implementations of adaptronic systems that have been developed in the recent years. 

FIGURE 22.1 Breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In various CNS diseases, the BBB becomes leaky to macromolecules, and in CNS injuries, destruction of the endothelial lining creates permeability. By taking advantage of these characteristics, extravasation by nanoparticles, that is, liposomes, dendrimers, polymer-based diagnostics systems, can reach deep within the CNS. Figure adapted from Ref. [34]. 

In the following, adaptronic systems for biomedical applications have been selected that illustrate recent activities in the field. An emphasis is given on systems that employ microtechnologies. The described microsystems comprise electronic implants, as advanced pacemakers and neural prostheses as well as adapting diagnostic devices, as tactile sensors and self-adjusting blood flow monitors. 

System engineering of diagnostic, adaptation, the increasing of the healthlevel and rehabilitation of the persons, received infringements of a health as a result of technogenous effects. 

Partially adapted from Composants et systemes auto-assembles hautement fluores pour le diagnostic et ta therapie," M.P. Krafft et J. Riess, Actualite Chimi-que, N° 301-302, November 2006. Actualite Chimique and Societe Franpaise de Chimie are acknowledged for authorization. 

Recently, we adapted the Ortbo Clinical Diagnostics lipase slide test [29], a dry chemistry test system used in clinical biochemistry to measure the lipase activity in human serum for the determination of the lipase activity in pancreatic extracts. The substrate, l-oleyl-2,J diacetylglyceral, and the ancillary reagents are fixed in a multilayered film (Fig, 7). Upon addition of a lipase solution, die insoluble substrate becomes emulsified... 

Heterogeneous immunoassays may be used with conventional microtiter systems in clinical laboratories, but have also been adapted for doctor s office and home diagnostic test devices. For example, a device for detecting antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), operates as shown in Figure 6.10.19... 

Attention has been focused on four different chemiluminescent systems, two as substrates for enzymes and two as labels incorporated in the probes (activated after hybridization by H2O2/alkali (Table 7.6)), The latter are usually intended for diagnostic purposes and prepared by commercial suppliers, whereas those serving as a substrate for enzymes attached to the probe-hybrid complex can be readily adapted for many hybridization assays. 

The functions of the identified and then characterized proteins have also to be determined. Proteins often interact with each other in protein complexes, or with other important chemical entities such as DNA in protein-DNA interaction systems. Their activities involve also the interaction with smaller molecules such as cofactors or hormones. Therefore a number of methodologies have to be adapted to understand the behavior of proteins in their biological environment and the implications of a molecular dysfunction in a disease. The development of new diagnostic tests or the discovery... 

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