Acylated amino acids

Resolution of Racemic Amines and Amino Acids. Acylases (EC3.5.1.14) are the most commonly used enzymes for the resolution of amino acids. Porcine kidney acylase (PKA) and the fungaly3.spet i//us acylase (AA) are commercially available, inexpensive, and stable. They have broad substrate specificity and hydrolyze a wide spectmm of natural and unnatural A/-acyl amino acids, with exceptionally high enantioselectivity in almost all cases. Moreover, theU enantioselectivity is exceptionally good with most substrates. A general paper on this subject has been pubUshed (106) in which the resolution of over 50 A/-acyl amino acids and analogues is described. Also reported are the stabiUties of the enzymes and the effect of different acyl groups on the rate and selectivity of enzymatic hydrolysis. Some of the substrates that are easily resolved on 10—100 g scale are presented in Figure 4 (106). Lipases are also used for the resolution of A/-acylated amino acids but the rates and optical purities are usually low (107). 

Fig. 4. Examples of enzymatically resolved A/-acyl amino acids.

The main application of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the amide bond is the en-antioselective synthesis of amino acids [4,97]. Acylases (EC 3.5.1.n) catalyze the hydrolysis of the N-acyl groups of a broad range of amino acid derivatives. They accept several acyl groups (acetyl, chloroacetyl, formyl, and carbamoyl) but they require a free a-carboxyl group. In general, acylases are selective for i-amino acids, but d-selective acylase have been reported. The kinetic resolution of amino acids by acylase-catalyzed hydrolysis is a well-established process [4]. The in situ racemization of the substrate in the presence of a racemase converts the process into a DKR. Alternatively, the remaining enantiomer of the N-acyl amino acid can be isolated and racemized via the formation of an oxazolone, as shown in Figure 6.34. 

Figure 6.34 Resolution of N-acyl amino acids by acylases.

The intramolecular cycloaddition of munchnone intermediates (derived from the cyclodehydration of A-acyl amino acids) with 1,3-dipolarophiles was employed to construct the mitomycin skeleton. Thus, heating alkynyl acids 23 with acetic anhydride forms the intermediates 24 which undergo cyclization with loss of carbon dioxide to afford the 4-oxo-tetrahydroindoles 25 <96TL2887>... 

Another -activation of amino acids for peptide synthesis is achieved by preparing sulfenamides from sulfenylimidazoles. A sulfenylimidazole is formed in situ from the sulfenyl chloride (prepared from the disulfide and chlorine) and imidazole, which reacts further with an amino acid ester to give a sulfenamide in high yield. Conversion of such sulfenamides with IV-acyl amino acids by means of triphenylphosphine affords dipeptides with racemization of less than 0.5%.[481... 

Tetraacetyl-/ -D-glucosamine with Acyl Amino Acid Azides. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 75, 3469 (1953). 

Several hundred tons of L-methionine per year are produced by enzymatic conversion in an enzyme membrane reactor. An alternative approach is dynamic resolution, where the unconverted enantiomer is racemized in situ. Starting from racemic /V-acetyl-amino acid, the enantioselective L-acylase is used in combination with an TV-acyl-amino acid racemase to enable nearly total conversion of the substrate. 

T Wieland, H Bernhard. On the synthesis of peptides. Part 3. The use of anhydrides of N-acylated amino acids and derivatives of inorganic acids. Ann Chem 572, 190, 1951. 

Interesting cyano, polyoxyethylene, and O-acetyl functionalized N-acyl-amino acid derivatives can be obtained from functionalized olefins (Table 1). Diamidocarbonylation products may also be synthesized in moderate yields from terminal diolefins [13-15]. 

The advantage of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives lies in the simplicity of the derivatization procedure, which is carried out by the addition of N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) in acetonitrile and heating for approximately 2 h at 150 °C under anhydrous conditions in a sealed tube. However, there may be problems owing to the formation of multiple derivatives of each amino acid. Another technique involves the formation of n-butyl esters of the amino acids and their subsequent trimethylsilylation by a similar procedure. The n-butyl esters are formed by heating the amino acids for 15 min in n-butanol and HC1 and these are then converted to the A-TMS-n-butyl ester derivatives. A-acyl amino acid alkyl esters are commonly used. Acetylation of the butyl, methyl or propyl esters of amino acids,... 

N-Acylated amino acids (sodium lauiyl sarcosinatc)... 

Fig. 8.26. The two-step activation of oxazolidin-5-one derivatives of peptides and N-acy/ amino acids (8.190). Hydrolysis (Reaction a) yields an A-(l-hydroxyalkyl) derivative that breaks down to liberate the peptide or A-acyl amino acid (Reaction b) [247] [248],...

Hsu et have cloned two enzymes from Deimcoccus radiodurans for overexpression in E. coli in order to carry out a dynamic kinetic resolution to obtain L-homophenylalanine, frequently required for pharmaceutical synthesis. The starting material is the racemic mixture of A acetylated homophenylalanine, and the two enzymes are an amino acid A -acylase, which specifically removes the acetyl group from the L-enantiomer, and a racemase, which interconverts the D- and L-forms of the A acyl amino acids. The resolution was carried out successfully using whole-cell biocatalysts, with the two enzymes either expressed in separate E. coli strains or coexpressed in the same cells. 

A/-Carbamoylase Combined with Af-Acyl Amino Acid Racemase to Produce L-Homophenylalanine... 

In Section 5.03.6.2, a stereoselective synthesis of L-homophenylalanine from the racemic AAacetylated amino acid is described. The authors, however, found that substrate solubility limited the utility of this procedure. Having found an L-N-carbamoylase in Bacillus kaustophilus, they introduced the gene for this enzyme together with that for the N-acyl amino acid racemase from D. radiodurans into E. coli for coexpression. These cells, permeabilized with 0.5% toluene, were able to deliver L-homophenylalanine in 99% yield and were able to be used for multiple reaction cycles. 

Aside from the Maillard reaction, other covalent modifications of amino acids and proteins are possible within the caries lesion, which merit future investigation. For example, certain oral microorganisms excrete y-glutamyl transferases. These enzymes catalyse the formation of cross-links between glutamic acid and lysine residues of proteins. In addition, N-acyl amino acids are present in plaque, which adsorb to mineral surfaces. 

The syntheses of simple 1,3-oxazines (74AG596 86G361) from acylated amino acids (86G361) by treatment with dihalotriphenylphosphorane and of heterocondensed l,3-oxazin-4-ones from several N-acylated heterocyclic /3-enamino esters (81CB3188) have been implemented by aza-Wittig reactions of heterocyclic 2-(triphenylphosphoranylidenamino)esters with acid halides. 

Thouin and Lubell have overcome some of these issues by exposing oxime resin-bound(acyl)amino acids 197-200 to a solution of anhydrous hydroxylamine in 1 6 MeOH CHCI3 (Scheme 87). Enantiopure hydroxamates, possessing a variety of functional groups, are isolated by simple evaporation of volatile solvents. 

Valsartan (2) is a nonheterocyclic antagonist in which the imidazole of losartan has been replaced with an acylated amino acid. It is a very potent ATj antagonist (IC50 =1.6 nM). There is only one metabolite, valeryl 4-hydroxy valsartan, and it is inactive. The enzymes responsible for valsartan metabolism have not been identihed, but do not seem to be P450 CYP isozymes. Food decreases the absorption by 40%. Valsartan (2) is excreted in the bile (70%) and by the kidneys (30%). [See Chiolero and Burnier (1998).]... 

Derivatives of the steroids androstene and pregnene have been transformed directly into A-acyl amino acids by an orthogonal catalysis procedure, utilizing [RhCl(nbd)]2 and Co2(CO)8 (Scheme 11). The rhodium phosphine catalyst (generated in situ in the presence of syn-gas and phosphine) affects hydroformylation of the internal olefin to generate aldehyde. In the presence of Co2(CO)8, A-acyl amino acids are obtained as the major products. An unstable amido alcohol intermediate, formed by reaction of the amide with aldehyde, is proposed to undergo cobalt-catalyzed GO insertion to yield the desired A-acyl amino acid. 

Numerous examples of the preparation of tetramic acids from N-acylated amino acid esters by a Dieckmann-type cyclocondensation have been reported (Entries 7-9, Table 15.4). Deprotonated 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and unactivated amide enolates can be used as carbon nucleophiles. In most of these examples, the ester that acts as electrophile also links the substrate to the support, so that cyclization and cleavage from the support occur simultaneously. The preparation of five-membered cyclic imi-des is discussed in Section 13.8. 

A second advantage of preparing peptides by sequential acylation of support-bound amines arises from the fact that activated A -acyl amino acids readily form oxa-zolones, which quickly racemize under basic conditions, such as in the presence of excess amine. Hence, carboxyl group activation of support-bound peptides in the presence of an amine will readily lead to racemization (Figure 16.2). 

Figure 16.2. Racemization of activated iV-acyl amino acids as a result of oxazolone formation. X leaving group.

Activated A-alkoxycarbonyl amino acid derivatives, on the other hand, do not cyclize as readily as A -acyl amino acids, and therefore racemize more slowly. Accordingly, solid-phase peptide synthesis is generally performed by acylation of support-bound amines with activated A -alkoxycarbonyl amino acids. Examples of the preparation of peptides by the inverse strategy (first amino acid linked to the support via its amino group as carbamate activation of support-bound AAacylamino acids) have, nevertheless, been reported [13-16]. 

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