Acute tissue reaction

Type I IgE-mediated acute allergic reactions to stings, pollens, and drugs, including anaphylaxis, urticaria, and angioedema. IgE is fixed to tissue mast cells and blood basophils, and after interaction with antigen the cells release potent mediators. 

Acute intravasation of barium sulfate into the circulatory system of an adult female patient following a barium enema procedure caused the compound to be deposited in blood vessels throughout the body, including the lungs, and resulted in respiratoryfailure (Cove and Snyder 1974). Acute parenteral administration of barium compounds to animals has been shown to result in paralysis of the respiratory muscles (Roza and Berman 1971). Similar respiratory paralysis is frequently encountered in cases of acute exposure in humans and animals by ingestion or inhalation. Intratracheal administration of barium sulfate into rat lungs produced a mild inflammatory reaction (Huston et al. 1952). Barium sulfate could not be removed by either polymorphonuclear leukocytes or monocytes. A tissue reaction followed however, no fibrosis was observed. Since this mode of entry is similar to inhalation, these results may be significant for cases of inhalation exposure. 

Acute lung reactions to nitrofurantoin are extremely rare in children (12). Lung tissue findings in acute reactions have shown minor vasculitis, granulomatous vasculitis (hypersensitivity angiitis), proliferation of endothelial cells, and empty alveoli (13). Rapidly progressing bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) has been reported (14). 

Deep cystic acne is a complex condition that involves an interaction between hormones (testosterone), sebum, and bacteria. It starts at puberty when the increase in androgen levels causes greater activity of the sebaceous glands. This leads to increased growth of epidermal tissue, which blocks the follicle and creates a comedo (cyst) composed of sebum, keratin, and bacteria. Irritation of the follicular wall follows, with rupture of the follicle and then an acute inflammatory reaction. This leads to an abscess and finally healing with scar tissue. 

Primary Irritation. Dispersed as smoke, aerosol, or in solution, agents will contaminate skin and eyes and may cause acute inflammatory reactions at these sites. Therefore, there is a requirement to know if contact with the skin and eye will have a local tissue injuring potential and how formulation may affect the reaction. Supplemental to standard eye irritation tests it is of practical value to undertake in vivo studies on the influence of the agent on corneal thickness by pachymetry and on lOP by tonometry (Ballantyne et al., 1977a Myers et al., 1998 Ballantyne, 1999b). 

The tissue reaction in vivo to implanted PHB films and medical devices was studied. In most cases, a good biocompatibility of PHB was demonstrated. In general, no acute inflammation, abscess formation, or tissue necrosis were observed in tissue surrounding of the implanted PHB materials. In addition, no tissue reactivity or cellular mobilization occurred in areas remote from the implantation site [13, 16, 31, 71]. On the one hand, it was shown that PHB elicited similar mild tissue response as PLA did [16], but on the other hand, the use of implants consisting of poly lactic acid, polyglicolic acid, and their copolymers is not without a number of sequelae related with the chronic inflammatory reactions in tissue [81-85]. 

The tissue response to PPy-coated polyester fibers was investigated by Alikacem et al. [117], PPy-coated and -uncoated polyester fibers were implanted subcutaneously in rats for several days with the results revealing a more persistent tissue reaction for the most conducting PPy-coated material and a shorter acute tissue response as the surface resistance increased. Blood monocyte activation studies of tissue response to the implanted PPy-coated polyester indicated that the thickness of the PPy coating, which correlates with the conductivity, was directly related to the tissue response. The best result for the PPy-coated polyester fiber (i.e., lowest tissue response) was similar to the tissue response results for the uncoated material. The authors identified the PPy-coated polyester fiber as a suitable candidate for further studies. 

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