Acute skin injuries

Pharmaceutical preparations of drugs, e.g. cytostatic agents, have a very heterogeneous mechanism of action, they have potent pharmacological properties and it is well known that they can cause acute skin injuries in cases of accidental exposure (Knowles and Virden 1980). The extent of health hazard due to chronic exposure to small amounts of cytostatic drugs... 

Acute Skin Injuries 106 Agents Water-Based Solution ... 

Till, G.O., Hatherill, J.R., Tourtellotte, W.W., Lutz, M.J. and Ward, P.A. (1985). Lipid peroxidation and acute lung injury after thermal trauma to skin. Evidence of a role for hydroxyl radical. Am. J. Pathol. 119, 376-384. 

Renal lesions have been produced in mice by dermal application of JP-5 or marine diesel fuel. The inability to duplicate these lesions with intraperitoneal administration suggested that skin application, in particular the alteration of skin following repeated dermal application, was necessary to produce the renal toxicity, and that the renal effects appeared to be secondary to skin injury (Easley et al. 1982). Lymphocytic inflammation has been induced in the urinary bladder of mice with chronic dermal application of JP-5 or marine diesel fuel (NTP/NIH 1986). However, acute and intermediate dermal exposures to kerosene and JP-5, respectively, were not toxic to the renal system of mice (Upreti et al. 

Sunburn is a mild form of acute exposure to radiation, but it serves as a starting point to acute radiation injury. At a skin dose of a few hundred rem, the patient will exhibit erythema and, at higher doses, blistering and peeling (dry and moist desquamation). Depending on the characteristics of the exposure, one side of the... 

Many chemicals cause irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. In severe cases respiratory tract irritation can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury, which may be delayed in onset for up to 24-72 h in some cases. 

The reported proportion of casualties who fully recover from sulfur mustard respiratory injury varies from over 90% (Vedder, 1925) to only 20% (Balali-Mood, 1986). Much of this variation can be explained by differences among patients and by attribution of chronic bronchitic symptoms to previous mustard gas exposure in the presence of ongoing causes such as heavy smoking. Major chronic problems such as bronchiectasis and recurrent pneumonia appear confined to casualties who had severe pulmonary infections complicating the acute injury (Urbanetti, 1988). Ocular and skin injuries generally heal completely but with the need for corneal transplantation or for skin grafting to deal with uncommon complications. 

A. Acute skin or eye contact causes irritation and burning, which may lead to serious corrosive injury if the exposure and concentration are high. 

Mechanical trauma accounts for a myriad of sports-related skin conditions. The majority are from acute trauma, with the rest a result of repeated mechanical trauma, for example, calluses and corns. Although these skin injuries are very frequent, most are minor and many are preventable. 

In the New England region of the USA, Rossingnol et al. [26] reviewed data on adult bum patients admitted to any of the240 of a possible 256 acute-care hospitals. Between the years of 1978 and 1979,485 (30 %) of these bums were work related, and there were 91 chemical skin injuries [26]. 

Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Retrospective Acute adult burn injury patients 1,584 1996-2004 Chemical skin injuries = 5.8 % Predominantly liquid acids and alkalis Involved TBSA <1-65 % Most patients had <10 % TBSA involved Greenwood et al. [33]... 

Dachir, S., Cohen, M., Fishbeine, E., et al., 2010. Characterization of acute and long-term sulfur mustard-induced skin injuries in hairless guinea-pigs using non-invasive methods. Skin Res. Technol. 16,114-124. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

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