Activity of superoxide dismutase

Y. Tian, L. Mao, T. Okajima, and T. Ohsaka, Electrochemistry and electrocatalytic activities of superoxide dismutases at gold electrodes modified with a self-assembled monolayer. Anal. Chem. 76, 4162-4168 (2004). 

Culotta, V.C., Yang, M. and O Halloran, T.V.O (2006) Activation of superoxide dismutases putting the metal to the pedal, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1763, 747-758. 

The basis of this assay was first used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) using a xanthine/xanthine oxidase 02"-generating system. O2 generated via this enzyme will reduce feni (oxidised)-cytochrome c, but SOD (which has a much higher affinity for O2" than cytochrome c) will prevent this reduction. Babior, Kipnes and Cumutte (1973) modified this technique to provide a specific assay to measure O2 production by activated neutrophils. Thus, 02" reduces cytochrome c (measured by an absorbance increase at 550 nm), but this reduction will be blocked by the addition of exogenous SOD (Fig. 5.10). 

Sazuka, Y., Tanizawa, H. andTakino, Y. (1989). Effect of adriamycin on the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in tissues of mice. Journal of Cancer Research, 80 80-94. 

Some authors claim that liposaccharides can depress the content of TNF-a and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, thus—via mediators—they can affect the immune system (Can et al. 2003). It has been demonstrated that the NF-p transcription factor, (highly sensitive to the redox potential in its environment), which regulates synthesis of many mediators—cytokines, associated with inflammatory condition and the phenomenon of adhesion of cells— becomes deregulated in old age. Defense functions in such cases (and primarily in arthritis and arthritis-related conditions) are said to be performed by antioxidants (including a-lipoic acid), which can modulate the activity of monocytes and inhibit changes caused by deregulating of the transcription factor NF-kB under the influence of redox conditions in elderly people (Lee and Hughes 2002). 

Figure 7. The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the specimens from intima of human aorta with atherosclerotic leasions obtained at autopsy made in the 1-4 hours after sudden death.

Gerdin E, Tyden O, Eriksson UJ. The development of antioxidant enzymatic defense in the perinatal rat lung. Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. Pediatr Res 19 (1985) 687-691. 

There is considerable body of (indirect) evidence which makes oxidative stress one of the best accepted hypothesis for explaining the cause of Parkinson s disease. For example, the Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratio in the substantia nigra is shifted from 2 1 in the normal brain to 1 2 in Parkinsonian brain.131,132 In the Parkinsonian brain several enzymes which constitute the antioxidative defence mechanisms (glutathione peroxidase, catalase) have a decreased activity, while the activity of superoxide dismutase is increased, relative to the normal brain.133 Furthermore, specific products of radical damage, such as lipid hydroperoxides, were detected at a 10-fold increased level in the Parkinsonian brain.134... 

Carrillo MC, Kanai S, Nokubo M, Ivy GO, Sato Y, Kitani K (1992) (-)Deprenyl increases activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in striatum but not in hippocampus the sex and age-related differences in the optimal dose in the rat. Exp Neurol 116 286-294... 

As acute strenuous exercise and chronic exercise training increase the requirement for various antioxidants, it is conceivable that dietary supplementation of specific antioxidants would be beneficial. Older subjects may be more susceptible to oxidative stress and may benefit from the antioxidant protection provided by vitamin E. During severe oxidative stress such as strenuous exercise, the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems of skeletal muscle are not able to cope with the massive free-radical formation, which results in an increase in lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E decreases exercise-induced lipid peroxidation. The exercise may increase superoxide anion generation in the heart, and the increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in skeletal muscle may be... 

S.W.C. Leuthauser, Antitumour activities of superoxide dismutase and copper coordination compounds (University Microfilms International) Disseration 8,012,387 (1979). 

Ahmad, S., Pritsos, C.A., Bowen, S.M., Heisler, C.R., Blomquist, G.J., Pardini, R.S., 1988. Suhcellular distribution and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridaria. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 7, 173-186. 

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