Actively caring influence example

Carlini and co-workers carefully studied the influence of a series of mono- and diphosphines on the Pd(dba)2-catalyzed reaction of butadiene and methanol.With monophosphines (2 1 phosphine Pd(dba)2) it was found that more basic ligands afford more active catalysts for example, the catalyst activity increases in the series Ph3P[Pg.1589]

Attempting to Influence another person s behavior in desired direction (for example, rewarding or comecting feedback, demonstrating or teaching desirable behavior, actively caring coaching)... 

In Chapter 16, for example, I discussed a number of ways to increase achvely caring behaviors directly, through applications of learning and social influence principles, and indirectly, through improving the five personal states that increase willingness to actively care. It is impractical and impossible to measure the impact of many of these interventions. Should we avoid doing so just because we cannot measure their occurrence and impact ... 

As detailed in Chapter 16, the "foot-in-the-door" and "curve ball" techniques of social influence succeed because of the consistency norm (Principle 46). When an individual agrees with a relatively small request, for example, to serve on a safety committee, you have your foot in the door. To be consistent, the person is more likely to agree later witii a larger request, perhaps to give a safety presentation at a plant-wide meeting. Similarly, when people sign a petition or promise card that commits them to act in a certain way, say to actively care for the safety of others, they experience pressure from the consistency norm to follow through. 

A careful use of solvent effects should be of great assistance in synthetic chemistry. For example, it may be predicted from the solvent effects described above that in the reaction of 2,4-dichloroquinohne with piperidine the a y ratio should increase in the less polar solvents, although the result might be obscured by the mutual influence of the two chlorine substituents. Nitro-activated benzenes support this prediction since ortho para ratios of 4.2 in methanol and 69 in benzene were observed in the reaction of 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene with piperidine. ... 

The pH of the finished product may have a strong influence on the type of preservative used. A good example of this can be seen with the use of organic acids which may exist in a predominantly dissociated or an undissociated form as a consequence of the product pH. The undissociated form is considered to confer the antimicrobial activity and the effect of pH on benzoic, sorbic and dehydroacetic acid is described in the graph below. It can be seen that, at the normal pH of most personal care products ie. 5.5 to 7.0, there is little activity remaining. Hence organic acids would be suitable preservatives for predominantly acidic products, such as astringent washes made with lemons. 

Resolution of branched alkanoic adds. Hydrolase-catalyzed esterification of 2-methylalkanoic acids can be fairly efficient, especially for acids with long chains, provided that the conditions are carefully adjusted by immobilization of the enzyme (in some cases), by control of the water activity, and by proper choice of the appropriate alcohol as nucleophile as well as the correct solvent [134]. The alcohol concentration does also influence the E-value [133]. It is important to note that the esterifications are reversible, thus preventing easy access to the remaining substrate in high ees. Some representative examples are given in Table 4.4. A procedure based on iterative resolutions can be used to provide both enantiomers of 2-methyloctanoic acid in high ees (>99%) and reasonable yields (25% for S- and 43% for R-acid based on the starting racemic acid) [137]. 

It is appropriate at this point to discuss the "apparent" pH, which results from the sad fact that electrodes do not truly measure hydrogen ion activity. Influences such as the surface chemistry of the glass electrode and liquid junction potential between the reference electrode filling solution and seawater contribute to this complexity (see for example Bates, 1973). Also, commonly used NBS buffer standards have a much lower ionic strength than seawater, which further complicates the problem. One way in which this last problem has been attacked is to make up buffered artificial seawater solutions and very carefully determine the relation between measurements and actual hydrogen ion activities or concentrations. The most widely accepted approach is based on the work of Hansson (1973). pH values measured in seawater on his scale are generally close to 0.15 pH units lower than those based on NBS standards. These two different pH scales also demand their own sets of apparent constants. It is now clear that for very precise work in seawater the Hansson approach is best. 

Several researchers have experimentally demonstrated the inhibiting influence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on HDS. This inhibiting influence is expected from simple and kinetic and equilibrium considerations. Refiners take great care to keep H2S in commercial hydrotreaters at an optimum level. For example, hydrogen—used in excess in a hydrotreater—is recirculated after scrubbing out the H2S by-product carefully. The recycle stream needs to contain an optimum level of H2S to keep the catalyst as a sulfide and thus maintain its activity and selectivity. Sie has described other process options to minimize inhibition effects by H2S, e.g., countercurrent flow reactors and monolithic catalyst systems. ... 

Finally, XPS shows no traces of other elements. In particular, neither Cl nor S were detected, which is important since the PS particles contain sulfate groups and NaCl was added to the particle suspension during the preparation all of these elements can influence the catalytic activity dramatically [1]. In circumstances where the O2 plasma may be causing irreversible damage to the sample, care has to be taken, for example, to avoid volatilization of the catalyst (as with Ru). A milder way of removing the PS mask is to employ an UV/ozone treatment, i.e., irradiation of the sample, kept in pure O2 or air, with a UV lamp creating ozone [108],... 

Butler [2] has shown that, when carefully prepared, Sn -activated phosphors can be efficient phosphors. For example, (Sr,Mg)j(P04>2 Sn " " shows a broad-band red emission with a maximum at about 630 nm and a thermal quenching which starts above 300°C. The Sn ion has 5s configuration, but its luminescence is not so simple as the discussion in Sect. 3.3.7 may suggest. For example, it is not easy to understand why the emission is so far in the visible, whereas in many other host lattices it is in the ultraviolet or blue. Donker et al. have found that the coordination number is of critical influence high coordination yields ultraviolet or blue emission, low coordination yellow or red emission [28J. 

Influence of bed geometry on breakthrough times has also been reported [133]. However, when taking care to keep all other parameters, particularly the amount of activated carbon, constant, the observed diflferences are very small. They can probably be attributed to local and/or gradual diiferences in the flow pattern throughout the filter, for example in a conical bed where there will be a depth-dependent linear velocity, resulting in a non-constant k,-value. 

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