Active Blacks

Fligh reinforcing capability, fine carbon blacks, tire tread blacks (particle size 18-28 nm) 

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Colloidal metals are usually prepared by reduction of a salt with a reducing agent, such as phosphorus, acetone, tannin, or carbon monoxide. Platinum metals can also be prepared as finely divided very active blacks by reducing the metal salt in an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium borohydride. 

Fig. 11.20 summarizes experimentally observed trends in the area-normalized activity (black bars) and the Pt weight-fraction-normalized activity (white bars) of some electrocatalysts in Fig. 11.17. It can be seen that a small difference in area-...

Voorhees and Adams141 obtained an active platinum black from the platinum oxide prepared by fusing a mixture of chloroplatinic acid and sodium nitrate at 500-550°C. The platinum oxide is readily reduced to an active black with hydrogen in a solvent in the presence or absence of substrate. The platinum oxide-platinum black thus prepared has been shown to be very active in the hydrogenation of various organic compounds and is now widely used as Adams platinum oxide catalyst. Frampton et al. obtained a platinum oxide catalyst of reproducible activity by adding a dry powder of a mixture of 1 g of chloroplatinic acid and 9 g of sodium nitrate in its entirety to 100... 

Broadbent et al. have found that the rhenium blacks prepared by reducing rhenium heptoxide are highly effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of carboxylic acids to alcohols at 150-170°C for monocarboxylic acids (eq. 10.3) and at 200-250°C for dicarboxylic acids (eq. 10.4) under 13.5-27 MPa H2.10,11 Rhenium heptoxide can be reduced to the active blacks in appropriate solvent (ethanol, 1,4-dioxane, acetic acid, or water) at 120-220°C and 15-21 MPa H2 for 1-2 h, or more conveniently, in situ in... 

The N 300 series is characterized by a wide variety of rubber blacks, covering about 10 different types. As mentioned above, fme-particle active blacks are used for rubber components that need to withstand significant levels of mechanical stress, e.g. tire treads. Semi-active blacks, on the other hand, are used in the tire carcass but also in technical rubber components, from screen and door seals to floor mats. Tires also contain other special carbon blacks, for instance, so-called adhesion blacks for improving radial steel belt adhesion, conductive blacks or inactive blacks for higher filler load rates [4.26]. 

Fig. 1.14. Activator (black curve) and inhibitor (gray line) profile of typical pulse solution of the two-component Oregonator model (Eqs. 1.41) in the excitable kinetic regime (00 = 0.01) and with diffusion coefficient Du = 1. Calculations were performed in a one-dimensional domain of size L = 50 applying periodic boundary conditions. The propagation speed is c = 4.648. [6]...

Von Damm KL (1990) Seafloor hydrothermal activity black smoker chemistry and chittmeys. Atm Rev Earth Planet Sci 18 173-204... 

Von Damm, K.L., 1990. Seafloor hydrothermal activity Black smoker chemistry and chimneys. Annual Reviews in Earth and Planetary Science, 18 173-204. 

Such studies by Graf (1977) showed that Eu enriched in chemical sediments including the ore body, in the New Brunswick, Canada, massive sulfide deposits. This enrichment was ascribed to water-rock interaction. Bence and Taylor (1985) have shown that such Eu enrichment is characteristic of many massive sulfide deposits (fig. 31), and occurs in deposits in which copper, lead and zinc sulfides are precipitating near active black smokers at mid-ocean ridges sites. The enrichment in Eu appears to be due to reduction and mobilisation of rocks with hydrothermal fluids (Sverjensky 1984). Whitford et al. (1987) have found evidence for extensive... 

As particle size grows, the specific surface area of the carbon blacks diminishes. A distinction is made between active rubber blacks with a specific area from 70 to 150 mVg, which are commonly used in the production of tire treads, and semi-active blacks, used for tire carcasses, which have a specific surface area of 15 to 70 mVg. Inactive carbon blacks have a specific surface area of <15 mVg they are commonly used as fillers in the production of industrial rubber goods. 

Fig. 8.11 The figure illustrates relationships at a high level between the product breakdown structure depicted by red squares, the work breakdown structure depicted by blue triangles and the organization breakdown structure depicted by yellow circles. Lines (yellow) of responsibility between and among teams, mutual and concurrent dependencies between work activities (black dashed curves) are shown these can be hidden or highlighted in layers for clarity when working with the model...

Vlot MJ, Huinink J, van der Eerden JP (1999) Free energy calculations on systems of rigid molecules An application to the TIP4P model of H2O. J ChemPhys 110 55-61 Von Damm KL (1990) Seafloor hydrothermal activity Black smoker chemistry and chirtmeys. Armu Rev Earth Planet Sci 18 173-204... 

Figure 21.22 The bar chart shows how many times compounds sharing similarity with the aminopyrazine cluster compounds have been tested active (black) or inactive (gray) on various target classes. Compounds containing this substructural moiety show a clear pan-kinase...

Carbon Suspensions. Black Hole, the second direct metallization techniqne, was patented by Dr. Carl Minten in 1988 and pioneered by Olin Hnnt, who sold their technology to MacDermid in 1991. MacDermid improved the process considerably and called it Black Hole II. Instead of palladium activator. Black Hole II uses carbon suspensions as its conductive medium. Polyelectrolyte conditioned nonconductive surfaces absorb carbon sites, and they line up after heating. To ensure sufficient conductivity, the carbon treatment is performed twice. Residues of carbon sites must be removed from the copper foil surface by a... 

The CeoPd polymers can be also prepared by electrochemical reduction of Geo in the presence of PdCl2(NCPh)2, in the form of redox-active, black films that coat the electrode. Addition of PPh3 to the film dissolves it to produce C6oPd(PPh3)2. Different kinds of films are produced by varying the Pd compound and the relative concentration of the precursors. The process can be applied successfully to a modified fullerene 2 -ferrocenylpyrrolidinio-[3, 4 l,2][C6o]fulletene. Electrodes modified with these films have been applied in electrochemical studies. ... 

Zeta potential analysis of fillers dispersed in water. The surface of N550 and Printex carbon black exhibited an electron donor (basic) characteristics. The isoelectric point for semi-active black and conductive occurred at respectively pH=9,5, pH=10,5. On the other hand the FW200 carbon black showed electron acceptor (acidic) characteristics in whole pH measuring range. 

When Adkins tried to modify the Lazier recipe and make a copper chromite hydrogenation catalyst, he found that an active black cupric oxide was produced instead of the red oxide claimed by Lazier. Adkins and Folkers subsequently suggested modifications to the recipe, including the addition of barium, magnesium, or calcium oxides to stabilize the black oxide form, which was more active. Atypical recipe and catalyst composition is shown in Table 3.11. 

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