Actinidine

Stereocontrolled syntheses of the natural iridolactone, (-l-)-iridomyrmecine 207 (Eq. 21) and the alkaloid (-)-actinidine 213 (Scheme 24) have been accomplished based on an ISOC reaction as the key step [56,57]. ISOC reaction of 204... 

Thioethers 210 are smoothly formed upon cyclization of silyl nitronates 209, generated in situ from the nitro compounds 208, on treatment with N,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA, Scheme 24) [57]. Fluorodesilylation of 210 gave the AT-oxide 212, presumably via highly reactive aldehyde 211, which was reduced to the target compound actinidine 213 in an overall 27% yield. 

The neotropical staphylenid Leistrotrophus versicolor use volatile compounds secreted from their abdominal tips to attract their prey, drosophilid and phorid flies [ 116]. The structures of the active compounds are yet unknown, however, it has been speculated that actinidine or other iridoids, typically found in the defensive gland which are located at the abdominal tips of these beetles, may be key components [117]. 

The paired defensive gland reservoirs of Staphylininae are situated between tergites 8/9 and may be everted upon molestation. Therefore, the secretion acts topically. The chemistry varies considerably between species. While Staphylin-ina use terpenoids as solvents for, e.g. iridodial 17, representatives of Philonthina produce a lot of acetates and hydrocarbons as solvents for actinidin 60 [8,118]. 

Representatives of Xantholininae possess an unpaired nonreversible anal gland reservoir at their abdominal tip. As already reported, the secretion contains iridodial, actinidin, terpenoid aldehydes, ketones, limonene, and isopule-gol [8,118]. 

Acid proteases, see Rhizopuspepsin Actinidin (Baker, 1980), see Papain Adenylate kinase (Schulz et ah, 1974a)... 

Sulfhydryl proteases, see Actinidin, Papain Superoxide dismutase, Cu,Zn (Richardson et al., 1975)... 

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, etc. Subtilisin Papain, actinidin Thermolysin Carboxypeptidase Acid proteases Isomerases... 

The sesquiterpenes present in valerian include isovaleric acid, valerenic acid, valerenal, valeranone, and valerenol. The alkaloids found in valerian include valeranine and actinidine. 

Birds Taiwan stick insect Monoterpenoid alkaloid actinidine Chow and Lin,... 

Chow, Y. S. and Lin, Y. M. (1986). Actinidine, a defensive secretion of stick insect. Megacrania alpheus, Westwood (Orthoptera Phasmatidae). Journal of Entomological Science 21, 97-101. 

Actinidine (9a), found in an anal gland of dolichoderine ants and in the defensive secretions of rove beetles (Table I), was identified on the basis of gas chromatographic and mass spectral analysis and the UV spectrum. The mass... 

Natural (—)-actinidine (9a) is prepared from nepetalinic acid imide (262) via dichloropyridine (263) 403) and from iridodial (264) via bis (2,4-dinitrophe-nyl)hydrazone 404) or treatment with ferric ammonium sulfate (Scheme 19) 405). (+)-Actinidine (9b), the enantiomer of natural alkaloid, is synthesized from acid chloride 265, derived from (+)-pulegone, via vinylketone 267 (Scheme 20) 406). Racemic actinidine (9) is prepared by intramolecular cycloaddition of an acetylene across a pyrimidine ring in 5-(hept-5-yn-2-yl)-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine (268) followed by chlorination and hydrogenation (Scheme 21) 407). 

Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch ex Miq. A. chinensis Planch. A. japonica Nakai A. kolomikta (Maxim, ex Rupr.) Maxim. A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, ex Maxim. Mi Hou Tao (Kiwi) (whole plant) Matatabic acid, iridomyrmecin, actinidine, allomatatabiol, iridomyrmecin, neo-nepetalactone, dihydronepetalactol, matatabiether, isoneomatatabiol, matatabistic acid, neomatabiol, vitamin C, vitamin B.48>50>52 For esophageal and liver cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, arthralgia, urinary stones, fever. 

A synthesis of the monoterpene alkaloid ( )-actinidine has been accomplished through the intramolecular cycloaddition of a substituted pyrimidine (81JCS(P1)1909). Condensation of the diester (756) with formamidine provided the pyrimidine precursor (757) which when heated at its melting point (203 °C) underwent cycloaddition with elimination of isocyanic acid to produce the pyridone (758). Conversion of the pyridone into the chloropyridine was effected with phosphoryl chloride. The chlorine atom was then removed by hydrogenoly-sis over palladium on charcoal to afford the racemic alkaloid (759 Scheme 175). 

F-actin structure 338 thin filaments 369 Actinidin 618 a-Actinin 370,405 Actinomycetes 6 Activation... 

Lewis, D.A. and Luh, B.S. 1988. Development and distribution of actinidin in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and its partial characterization. J. Food Biochem. 12 109-116. 

Cysteine proteases are a class of enzymes that have been widely studied over the years. The overall principles of substrate recognition, catalysis, and inhibition are now reasonably well documented. This enzyme class includes the plant proteases such as papain, actinidin, and bromelain, and several mammalian lysosomal cathe-psins. By far the majority of the literature reports dealing with cysteine proteases describe results obtained with the enzyme papain, because it is considered to be the archetype of this enzyme class. 

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