Acrylic acid fine chemicals

Relative humidity changes were measured with a nano-scale HRI-coated LPG in a wide range from 38.9% to 100% RH with a sensitivity of 0.2 nm/%RH, and an accuracy of 2.3% RH59. The material used was a hydro-gel layer composed by, among other chemicals, acrylic acid and vinyl pyridine. Fine adjust of the components proportion made possible to obtain a refractive index of the gel of about 1.55. The overlay thickness was estimated to be in that case 600 nm. 

Hydroxy-propionic acid 1,3-Propanediol, acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, ethyl-3-hydroxypropionic acid, L-alanine, L-serine, malonic acid, propiolactone, poly(3-HP), poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxypropionic acid) Polymers, fine chemicals Cao et al., 1999 Werpy and Petersen, 2004 Zhang etal., 2004 Patel etal., 2006... 

Vapor-phase aerobic oxidations of lower olefins, e. g. propylene to acrolein or acrylic acid and isobutene to methacrolein or methacrylic acid, are well-established bulk chemical processes [1,2], They are usually performed over oxidic catalysts, such as bismuth molybdate or heteropoly compounds, although the scope of these allylic oxidations is limited to olefins that cannot form 1,3-dienes via oxidative dehydrogenation. Thus 1- and 2-butene are converted to butadiene, and methylbutenes to isoprene, and with higher olefins complex mixtures result from further oxidation. Hence, such methodologies are not relevant in the context of fine chemicals. 

Chromatographic batch reactors are employed to prepare instable reagents on the laboratory scale (Coca et al., 1993) and for the production of fine chemicals. These applications include the racemic resolution of amino acid esters (Kalbe, Hbcker, and Berndt, 1989), acid-catalyzed sucrose inversion (Lauer, 1980) and production of dextran (Zafar and Barker, 1988). Sardin, Schweich, and Viller-maux (1993) employed batch chromatographic reactors for different esterification reactions such as the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol and the transesterification of methylacetate. Falk and Seidel-Morgenstern (2002) have investigated the hydrolysis of methyl formate. Strohlein et al. (2006) measured the esterification of acrylic acid with methanol and validated the transport dispersive model for process simulation. 

From an industrial point of view it is very challenging to investigate the formation of C-C bonds between the two cheap starting chemicals ethene and carbon dioxide. As shown in Figure 1, it seems formally to be possible to link these two molecules in different ratios. At an X/Y-ratio of 1 1, acrylic acid is formed, a bulk chemical of high commercial interest. At an X/Y-ratio of 2 1,-pentenoic acids should be obtained higher amounts of ethene should lead to long-chain linear (o-unsaturated fatty acids, which are very valuable fine chemicals. 

Two proaches have been reported to immobilize enzyme on ultra-fine cellulose fibers, i.e., adsorption and covalent binding. Both approaches improved the protein binding ability of fiber surfaces by adding chemical functionalities via covalently bonded polymeric chains to ultra-fine cellulose fiber surfaces. Adsorption of enzyme proteins on fiber surfaces was accomplished by ceric ion-initiated graft polymerization of electrolyte acrylic acid monomer and the subsequent enzyme adsorption via secondary forces. 

Crystallization is mainly used for separation as an alternative to distillation, if the involved compounds are thermally unstable (e.g., acrylic acid), have a low or practically no vapor pressure (like salts), if the boiling points are similar, or if the system forms an azeotrope. Crystallization is used for the production and purification of various organic chemicals ranging from bulk chemicals (p-xylene and naphthalene) to fine chemicals like pharmaceuticals (e.g., proteins). Further examples of industrial crystallization processes are sugar refining, salt production for the food industry, and silicon crystal wafer production. 

Poly(methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate) 1 1 Acryl-EZE Acryl-EZE 93A Acryl-EZE MP Eudragit L 30 D-55 Eudragit L 100-55 Eastacryl 30D Kollicoat MAE 30 DP Kollicoat MAE loop Colorcon Colorcon Colorcon Evonik Industries Evonik Industries Eastman Chemical BASF Fine Chemicals BASF Fine Chemicals... 

BM-400B is a dispersion system of SBR fine particles in water. These particles are random copolymer molecnles, i.e., styrene and butadiene, containing some other minor elements such as acrylic ester and organic acids. The copolymer is an elastomer with a glass transition temperature of -5°C. Its chemical formula is. 

A wide variety of other specialty monomers are also used to provide specialized performance properties for coating applications. For example, amine functional monomers can be used to improve adhesion to aged alkyd substrates. Specialized monomers can also be used to improve exterior durability, for example VEOVA (vinyl ester of vesatic acid) monomers can improve the hydrolysis resistance of vinyl acetate polymers, and n-butyl methacrylate can be used to enhance the durabiHty of BA-MMA acrylics. Polymer hydrophobicity can be fine tuned by varying the levels of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers in the composition and styrene or ethyl hexyl acrylate are used to increase film hydrophobicity and reduce water permeability in BA-MMA systems. Specialty monomers are also used to provide specific chemical functionality to polymer compositions. For example, hydroxyethyl methacrylate can be used to provide hydroxyl functionality to acrylic resins, allowing these polymers to be used in cross-linkable thermoset coatings which cure via melamine chemistry. While specialty monomers are used at relatively low levels in polymer compositions, they frequently provide the performance features needed for the successful application of emulsion polymers in many coating areas. 

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