Acidity factors affecting

Dass CR. Lipoplex-mediated delivery of nucleic acids factors affecting in vivo transfection. J Mol Med 2004 82(9) 579-591. 

The method finds increasing application for the determination of amino acids. Factors affecting the retention of the isoindole derivatives by reversed phase columns have been investigated [335, 337]. Usually columns with Ci8 brushes are used [350]. Numerous gradient elution systems suitable for the separation of amino acid-derived isoindoles have been published their number is still increasing with the availability of new column types. The various references [184, 337, 339-365] are a representative selection of those available, most of which involve minor variations of the basic method. 

As we shall see later, the limitations imposed by most solvents may prevent us from being able to utilise the very strong basic characteristics of some anions. However, at this point it is more useful to consider other factors affecting the strengths of acids. 

Two principal factors affected the U.S. sulfuric acid industry in the 1980s. The first was the increased availabiUty of recovered sulfur vs Frasch sulfur (see SuLFURREMOVAL AND recovery). This occurred because of environmental concerns and regulations forcing more sulfur to be recovered at refineries, power plants, etc. The effect of this change was that the cost of sulfur in the marketplace became driven largely by the cost of nonsulfur industries, rather than by the traditional discretionary sulfur producers, and tended to stabilize U.S. sulfur prices. 

The cost and price of sulfuric acid depend in large part on raw material cost and on freight costs. In many areas, the deUvered cost of sulfur is the most important factor affecting sulfuric acid pricing. By-product raw material, ie, SO2, costs at smelters are essentially zero, but the remote locations of many smelters make freight costs significant. Nevertheless, the nondiscretionary nature of smelter acid means that it must be sold if the smelter is to operate. 

In all cases, water and carbonic acid, the latter of which is the source of protons, are the main reactants. The net result of the reaction is the release of cations (Ca " ), Mg ", K", Na" ) and the production of alkalinity via HCO. When ferrous iron is present in the lattice, as in biotite, oxygen consumption may become an important factor affecting the weathering mechanism and the rate of dissolution. 

Sodium dodecylsulphate was selected as an anionic surfactant Factors affecting acid-induced cloud point extraction including surfactant, hydrochloric acid, PAHs, and electrolyte concentration, centrifugation have been examined. Finally, we applied the optimized acid-induced CPE system for combination of the extraction and preconcentration steps with fluorimetric determination of some representatives of PAHs. Suggested means was used for PAHs determination in tap water. 

TI8. Schlesinger, R. B. (1989). Factors affecting the response of lung clearance systems to acid aerosols role of exposure concentration. E.nviron. Health Perspect. 79, 121-126. 

Sulphuric acid is used to a very large extent for pickling low-alloy steels. The rate at which it removes the scale depends on (q) the porosity and number of cracks in the scale, (b) the relative amounts of wiistite, decomposed wiistite, magnetite and haematite in the scale, and (c) factors affecting the activity of the pickle. 

Temperature is the most important of the factors affecting pickle activity. In general, an increase of 10°C causes an increase in pickling speed of about 70 Vo. Agitation of the pickle increases the speed since it assists the removal of the insoluble scale and rapidly renews the acid at the scale surface. Increase in acid concentration up to about 40 Vo w/w in ferrous sulphate-free solutions, and up to lower concentrations in solutions containing ferrous sulphate, increases the activity. Increase in the ferrous sulphate content at low acid concentrations reduces the activity, but at 90-95 C and at acid concentrations of about 30 Vo w/w it has no effect. 

Reacting species, predominant, 80 Reaction coordinate, 133 Reaction heat, 135 additivity of, 111 measurement of, 111 Reaction rates, 124 factors affecting, 125 Reactions, 38,129 acid-base, 188 balancing, 42, 217, 219 calcium carbonate decomposition, 143... 

Factors affecting the rate of nitration of DNT TNT will be discussed in Section VIII Urbanski (Ref 74) lists several processes for die batchwise manufacture of TNT (eg, the French , British , USSR etc). All of them are essentially similar with only minor differences in MA comp ns and methods of separating the crude TNT from its spent acid. These processes hav been largely replaced by continuous nitration techniques. The Biazzi and Bofors continuous processes for the manuf of TNT are described briefly under Continuous Methods of Manufacturing Explosives in Vol 3, CS01-L. 

Betti, M., Papoff, R, and Meites, L., Factors Affecting the Precisions of Analyses, by Potentiometric Titrimetry, of Solutions Containing two Weak Acids, Analytica Chimica Acta 182, 1986, 133-145. 

---