Nitriles acids

Ammonium salt of any acid Acid amides Acid nitriles Imides of dibasic acids... 

Fatty acid nitriles Fatty acid-oil process Fatty acid process... 

Some of the physical properties of fatty acid nitriles are Hsted in Table 14 (see also Carboxylic acids). Eatty acid nitriles are produced as intermediates for a large variety of amines and amides. Estimated U.S. production capacity (1980) was >140, 000 t/yr. Eatty acid nitriles are produced from the corresponding acids by a catalytic reaction with ammonia in the Hquid phase. They have Httie use other than as intermediates but could have some utility as surfactants (qv), mst inhibitors, and plastici2ers (qv). 

Table 14. Some Physical Properties of Fatty Acid Nitriles...

Alcohol autoxidation is carried out in the range of 70—160°C and 1000—2000 kPa (10—20 atm). These conditions maintain the product and reactants as Hquids and are near optimum for practical hydrogen peroxide production rates. Several additives including acids, nitriles, stabHizers, and sequestered transition-metal oxides reportedly improve process economics. The product mixture, containing hydrogen peroxide, water, acetone, and residual isopropyl alcohol, is separated in a wiped film evaporator. The organics and water are taken overhead and further refined to recover by-product acetone and the... 

Properties. Cyanamide [420-04-2] also called carbamodiimide or carbamic acid nitrile, crystallises from a variety of solvents as somewhat unstable, colorless, orthorhombic, dehquescent crystals (2). Dimerization is prevented by traces of acidic stabilizers such as monosodium phosphate and by storage at low temperature. 

The reasons why a tubular reactor was selected for the production of adipic acid nitrile from adipic acid and ammonia are discussed by Weikard (in Ullmann, Enzyldopaedie, 4th ed., vol. 3, Verlag Chemie, 1973, p. 381). 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Benzoic Acid Nitrile, Cyanobenzene, Phenylcyanide Chemical Formula C HjCN. 

Craig s synthesis of nicotine (V to VII, p. 42) proceeds via nomicotine. Nicotinic acid nitrile reacts with the Grignard reagent derived from ethyl y-bromopropyl ether to give 3-pyridyl-y-ethoxypropyl ketone (V). This yields an oily oxime (VI) reducible to a-(3-pyridyl)-a-amino-8-ethoxy-w-butane (VII), which with 48 per cent, hydrobromic acid at 130-3° gives womicotine, and this on methylation yields dZ-nicotine. 

Further evidence of the difference between rhodinol and citronellol is forthcoming, in that the former yields on oxidation an aldehyde, rhodinal, whose oxime does not yield citronellic acid nitrile when treated with acetic anhydride, nor citronellic acid when the nitrile is treated with alkalis, wheras citronellal, the aldehyde of citronellol, does yield the nitrile and citronellic acid. 

Ameisensaure, /. formic acid, -nitril, n. formo-nitrile (HCN). -salz, n. salt of formic acid, formate, -sulfonsiure, /. eulfoformic acid. Ameisen-spiritus, m. = Ajneisengeist. -wein-ather, m. ethyl formate. 

The 2-phenyl-2-ethyl-pentane-1,5-diacid-mononitrile-(1) of melting point 72° to 76°C, used as starting material in this process, can be produced for example from o-phenyl-butyric acid nitrile by condensation with acrylic acid methyl ester and subsequent hydrolysis of the thus-obtained 2-phenyl-2-ethyl-pentane-1,5-diacid-monomethyl ester-mononltrile-(l) of boiling point 176° to 185°C under 12 mm pressure. 

Under a pressure of 4,5 ml the 1 methyl-4-phenyl-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid nitrile passes over at a temperature of about 148°C in the form of a colorless oil under a pressure of 6 ml it passes over at about 158°C. After having been allowed to cool the distillate solidifies completely to form a crystalline mass. Its solidification point is at 53°C the yield amounts to about 135 parts, that is, about % of the theoretical yield. When recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol the hydrochloride of the nitrile forms colorless crystals, readily soluble in water and melting at 221° to 222°C. 

Santner H. J., Moller K. C., Ivanco J., Ramsey M. G., Netzer F. P., Yamaguchi S., Besenhard J. O., Winter M., Acrylic acid nitrile, a film-forming electrolyte component for lithium-ion batteries, which belongs to the family of additives containing vinyl groups, J. Power Sources, (2003) 119, 368-372. 

The sodium bromide catalyzed three-component cyclocondensation of aryl aldehydes, CH-acidic nitriles, and dimedone under solvent-free conditions has been studied by Devi and Bhuyan (Scheme 6.245) [429]. Utilizing equimolar amounts of the building blocks and 20 mol% of sodium bromide as catalyst, microwave irradia-... 

Carbamate herbicides, 13 320 Carbamates, 13 108 amine, 16 359 Carbamic acid nitrile, 3 158 Carbamide derivatives, as cellulose solvents, 11 272 Carbamodiimide, 8 158 Carbamoylated gelatin, 12 444 Carbamoyl-methylphosphoryl family, extractants of, 10 789 Carbamyl chlorides, 12 180 Carbanion coordination, 13 656—657 Carbanions, 21 101... 

Fatty acid nitriles, 17 246—247 Fatty acids, 5 27—28 10 380. See also Carboxylic acids acetylenic, 5 34t... 

Propen-l-ol. See Allyl alcohol 2-Propenal. See Acrolein 2-Propenamide. See Acrylamide Propene, copolymerizations of, 16 111 Propene homopolymerization, 16 104-110 Propene polymerization, 16 94, 99 2-Propenenitrile. See Acrylonitrile (AN) Propenoic acid, physical properties, 5 31t Propenoic acid nitrile. See Acrylonitrile (AN)... 

Sodium borohydride is a much milder reducing agent than lithium aluminium hydride and like the latter is used for the reduction of carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones. However, under normal conditions it does not readily reduce epoxides, esters, lactones, acids, nitriles or nitro groups. 

Since, as has been described above, amides can be obtained by removal of water from the ammonium salts of acids, nitriles can be prepared directly from ammonium salts in one operation by heating them with a powerful dehydrating agent, e.g. ammonium acetate with P205 ... 

When more acidic nitriles such as PhCH2CN (pK21.9) are used (in DME) with in situ produced Ph as the EGB, esters with a-hydrogens can also be used as electrophiles. Formation of / -oxoesters may be carried out in a similar... 

Somewhat different type 2-amino-4H-chromene synthesis is represented by the interaction of CH-acidic nitriles 27 with salicylic aldehyde 157 where the phenolic OH and aldehyde groups are present in the same molecule. A conventional mechanistic scheme is represented (Scheme 58), where in the presence of a base nitrile 27 condenses with the aldehyde to give Knoevenagel intermediate 158. Then nucleophilic addition of the OH group leads to iminochromene 159, which then adds a nucleophile (as a rule, the second equivalent of nitrile 27) at position 4 to form 2-amino-4H-chromene 160. 

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