Acid, carboxylic acrylate

As a chemical raw material, ethanol is used for the production of a range of monomers and solvents, and is essential in pharmaceutical purification. In the presence of an acid catalyst ethanol reacts with carboxylic acids to produce ethyl esters. The two largest-volume ethyl esters are ethyl acrylate (from ethanol and acrylic acid) and ethyl acetate (from ethanol and acetic acid). Ethyl acrylate is a... 

Fig. 14. Hyperbranched polymer grafts prepared on a mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) self assembled monolayer confined to a gold substrate. PAAM-c-PAA represents a random copolymer of poly(acrylamide) and poly(acrylic acid) prepared from the poly(acrylic acid) carboxylic acid groups and an amine [129]...

As a design to develop a polyvinyl-type poly(sodium carboxylate), acrylate copolymers containing hydroxyl or carbonyl groups which are susceptible to the enzymatic reaction, were prepared. It is presumed that the copolymer is first cleaved at a hydroxyl or carbonyl group as in the case of PVA, then the resultant acrylate oligomer is further assimilated by the microbes. The biodegradation of oligomeric acrylic acid (11), in fact, occurs as shown in Table I. 

Acrylic Acid Propenoic Acid Benzoic Acid Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives Carboxylic Acids with Other Functional Groups Carboxylic Acids with Other Functional Groups Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 2,4-d Cesium... 

The syntheses of carboxylic acids and esters are widely studied processes. Since the first examples of carboxylation in the presence of metal carbonyls were reported by Reppe, these reactions are sometimes referred to as the Reppe reactions. In his pioneering work125-127 stoichiometric or catalytic amounts of [Ni(CO)4] and ethylene or acetylene were reacted in the presence of water or alcohols to form saturated and unsaturated acids and esters. Commercial processes are practiced in the manufacture of propionic acid, acrylic acid and acrylates (see Section 7.2.4). 

Water-Based Inks. Approximately 50% of all flexographic inks use water as their primary solvent and diluent. They contain vehicles based on either acrylic emulsions, or hydrosols or an alkali-soluble rosin ester having a high acid number such as partially esterified fiimurated rosin and shellac. Carboxylated acrylic polymers, usually containing some styrene, have largely replaced natural resins because they provide better abrasion and water resistance. Ammonia or other volatile amines are used to solubilize these carboxylated resins and form resin salts. The volatile alkali evaporates from the ink film, rendering the printed matter water resistant. 

The lower curve in Figure 6 shows the sedimentation behavior of a PMMA latex containing 2% acrylic acid added in Stage II in the same manner employed to make the model carboxylic acrylic latex. A contraction of approximately 75 A was observed at pH = 11. 

In order to compare the PMMA results with those obtained with the carboxylic acrylic latex, the concentration of surface carboxyls must be determined. Acid location analysis (5 was carried out for this purpose. Briefly, the latexes were titrated conductometrically with 0.1N NaOH followed by a titration of the aqueous phase from which the particles had been removed by centrifugation. The difference in the two titrations provided the distribution between surface and soluble acid. The deficit between the total acid thus determined and the concentration of acrylic acid used in the polymerization was termed "buried". Although some drift occurred in the conductance with time, an equilibration time of approximately 10 minutes per addition of sodium hydroxide was generally sufficient to yield stable readings. 

Copolymer of carboxylic acrylic acid with acrylic ester)... 

Polycarbodiimide methacrylates are obtained from the corresponding urea methacrylates. These polymers are utilized in the reaction with waterborne carboxylic acid containing acrylic polymers to produce waterborne polymers with methacrylic functonality." ... 

The next higher homologous side-chain carboxyl acid is the one in which the side chain has three carbon groups, CeHs—CH2—CH2— COOH. It is, therefore, beta-phenyl propionic acid or i-carboxy 2-phenyl ethane. It is commonly known as hydrocinnamic acid because of its relation to cinnamic acid as the hydrogenated or reduction product. In the aliphatic series we have two acids, one, propanoic acid or propionic acid, the other propenoic acid or acrylic acid. They are related to each other as corresponding saturated and unsaturated compounds (p. 172). The latter, acrylic acid, yields propionic acid on reduction by the addition of two hydrogen atoms and the conversion of the unsaturated chain into a saturated one. 

A bifunctional cation exchange resin carrying strongly acidic (sulfonic) and weakly acidic (carboxylic) groups was introduced in the mid-1960s but was to never merit a sustained commercial viability, and has since been discontinued. Undoubtedly, the acrylic and styrene copolymers with divinylbenzene form the basis of most commercially manufactured cation exchange resins available today. 

Fig. 4-48 Frontier orbitals for Diels-Alder reaction between butadiene-1 carboxylic acid and acrylic acid...

Rearrangement of a-haloketones or a,a -dihaloketones to carboxylic acids or acrylic acids via cyclopropanones (see 1st edition). 

In aprotic solvents, the carboxylic acid residues in methacrylic acid and acrylic acid form hydrogen bonds with various basic templates and form non-covalent adducts. These two monomers are being widely used in the current polymer industry, and are available on quite a large scale at low cost. Molecular imprinting with the use of hydrogen bonding between methacrylic acid and atrazine (a herbicide) is described in detail in Chapter 6. 

In preparing cation exchange membranes having carboxylic acid groups, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and their esters, etc., are copolymerized with divinylbenzene and, optionally, other vinyl monomers. The copolymer membranes are then immersed in hydroxide solution, or the ester groups of the membranes are hydrolyzed. 

Use of aqueous alkali is sufficient to bring about addition of thiols to unsaturated dicarboxylic acids23 and of mercapto carboxylic acids to acrylic acid.24... 

Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), P(NVP), is a nonionic, water-soluble polymer with high thermal and hydrolytic stability (7-9). Copolymers of N-vinylpyr-rolidone (NVP) with various carboxylate and carboxylate-precursor monomers (e.g., acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, and maleic anhydride) are also well-known (10). In addition, the homo- and copolymerization kinetics of these monomers are well-established. On the other hand, reports of copolymerizations of NVP with sulfonate monomers are sparse 11, 12). This chapter describes the synthesis, kinetics, and reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of NVP and some of the newer sulfonate monomers. A comparison of some of the solution properties for such copolymers is also included. 

Modified poly(methacrylic acid) microparticles complexed with gadolinium(lll) (Gd ) ions were prepared at 100 nm by Michinobu [81]. The emulsion tcrpolymerization of methacryhc acid, ethyl acrylate, and aUyl methacrylate and the following complexation with Gd ions yielded the polymer particles with different Gd ion contents. Potentiometric titration of the complexation of the particle with Gd + ions indicated the formation of a very stable tris-carboxylate coordinate complex with the Gd + ion. The microparticles dispersed on a mica substrate were subjected to AFM, followed by MFM. AFM showed 100-nm-sized and monodispersed spherical images. The following MFM... 

Polyelectrolytes may be polyacids, polybases, or polyampholytes. They dissociate into polyions and oppositely charged gegenions. Polyacids release protons on dissociation and become, then, polyanions. Poly(phosphoric acid), I, is an example of a polyacid with a dissociating group in the main chain examples of polyacids with the dissociating group as substituent to the main chain include poly(vinyl phosphonic acid), 11 poly(vinyl sulfuric acid), III poly(vinyl sulfonic acid), IV and poly(vinyl carboxylic acid) = poly-(acrylic acid), V, with the monomeric units... 

Ethylenecarboxamide. SeeAcrylamide Ethylene carboxylic acid. See Acrylic acid Ethylene chloride. See Ethylene dichloride Ethylene, chloro-, polymer. See Polyvinyl chloride... 

Uses Carboxylated comonomer for polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids, other acrylic acids, acrylic polymers, styrene-butadiene, vinyl acetate, nitrile latex comonomer for radiation-cured polyester/polyurethane resin paints antimigrant for pigment pad dyeing pigment print emulsifier... 

National Starch Chemical UV radiation of hot melt comprised of at least one 3-(chlorinated aryloxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester of an alpha, beta unsaturated carboxylic acid with acrylate based copolymer izable monomers. PSA properties. 

Poly(carboxylic acid) Poly(acrylic acid salt)-co-(vinyl alcohol)-(M = 7300-12000). BOD measurements Optical density and analysis Activated sludge Pseudomonas sp. and Trichoderma sp. [106]... 

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