Acetylcholine receptors production systems

Catalpol. Zhang et al. [233] studied the neuroprotective effects of catalpol, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fresh rehmannia roots, on the cholinergic system and inflammatory cytokines in the senescent mouse brain induced by D-galactose. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity increased in senescent mouse brain and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) decreased in the basal forebrain of senescent mouse. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Ml (mAChRl) expression declined and the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a), interleukin-ip (IL-ip), and advanced glycation end products... 

Nicotine, the chief alkaloid in tobacco products, binds stereoselectively to acetylcholine receptors at the autonomic ganglia, in the adrenal medulla, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the brain. Two types of CNS effects are believed to be the basis of nicotine s positively reinforcing properties. A stimnlating effect, exerted mainly in the cortex via the locns cernlens, produces increased alertness and cognitive performance. A reward effect via the pleasure system in the brain is exerted in the limbic system. At low doses the stimnlant effects predominate, whereas at high doses the reward effects predominate. 

Taiget Sites in the Nervous System Neonicotinoids target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as has mainly been demonstrated by studies with imidadoprid (8). Compared with imidadoprid and the other neonicotinoid sales products, thiame-thoxam (13) binds in a different way, possibly to a different site of the receptor in aphids [55-58]. 

Physiological sites proposed for nitric oxide action include the immune system, where nitric oxide acts as a cytostatic agent, is tumoricidal, and can inhibit viral replication. In the cardiovascular system, nitric oxide is the biological mediator of vasodilator responses to agents such as acetylcholine and bradykinin, which act as receptors on endothelial cells to activate NOS and stimulate nitric oxide production. Diffusible nitric oxide then activates guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to the production of cyclic guano-sine monophosphate (GMP) and vasodilation. In the brain, stimulation of A-methyl-o-aspartate receptors on... 

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