Acetone immersion test

Acetone Immersion Testing per ASTM Test Method D2152... 

Reference Houle, J. F., Acetone Immersion Testing per ASTM Test Method D2152, Limitations of Test Methods for Plastics, ASTM STP1369, J. S. Peraro, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000. 

Abstract In the late 1950s and early 1960s, inadequate fusion of PVC materials was a relatively frequent occurrence for North American PVC pipe manufacturers. As a result, an acetone-immersion test method was developed and published in 1963 as ASTM D2152 Standard Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion. ... 

This paper will show that the acetone-immersion test is severely limited in its usefulness due to its application and to the properties of the substance itself. 

Property 1 Accurate Identification of a Significant Problem — The sole purpose of the acetone immersion test is to identify inadequately fused PVC. However, inadequate fusion is not a significant problem in the 1990s. As proof of this contention, data were collected from two large manufacturers of PVC pressure pipe ... 

Acetone immersion testing is not performed on line. Because only specially trained persoimel are allowed to perform the test, tests must be performed in a laboratory. 

Summary — The acetone-immersion test fails to meet even one of the criteria for a meaningful quality test. 

The acetone-immersion test is beset with difficulties. First and foremost, the purpose for which it is intended is no longer meaningful inadequate fusion of PVC pipe is a rare occurrence in present-day manufacturing. Furthermore, the test doeis not meet any of the criteria for quality-control testing. Added to this are health and safety problems combined with environmental and regulatory issues. It seems propriate that fliis test be relegated solely to forensic and experimental use. 

Absorption of metallic acetylacetonates was carried out by immersing test papers in nonaqueous solutions of the iron (III) or copper (II) compound. In both cases, the solution concentration was 5 X 10-3 M. Iron(III) acetylacetonate was dissolved in acetone, and a mixture of acetone and chloroform (1 1) was used to dissolve copper(II) acetylacetonate. Test samples were immersed in metallic acetylacetonate solutions for 30 min and then were air dried. 

The acetone employed in another static immersion test was concentrated as in the case of the MTBE and analyzed. The infrared spectrum of the acetone concentrate Indicated the presence of a carboxylic acid and possibly a short chain alcohol species. Comparison of the infrared spectrum obtained to those of known polymer binding agents indicated that the carboxylic acid is similar to those in the Shell Versatlc acid series, closely resembling Versatic 911 (22). 

Fig. 3.5. The change of specimen mass (g) vs. square root of time t (t measured in h) of immersion test data on a 2.5 mm thick HDPE geomembrane. The immersion was performed in pure acetone and in an aeetone-water solution at 23 °C and 40 °C. Circular geomembrane disks were used as test specimens (thiekness 2.5 mm, diameter 58 mm)...

There are insufiScient data at this time to provide direct correlation betwerai the results of this test and other physical and chemical properties of the pipe. For this reason, acetone immersion is not recommended as a substitute for burst and impact tests on pipe or fittings. 

This test method is applicable only for distinguishing between inadequately fused and adequately fused PVC. The difference between thermally degraded and adequately fused PVC cannot be detected by this test method. Acetone immersion is not a substitute for burst, impact, or other physical or chemical tests on PVC pipe or fittings and it, therefore, shall not be used as the only test specification for purchasing of PVC pipe or fittings. 

The dangers posed by acetone mean that it is not appropriate for general use in a manufacturing facility. Special training in storage, use, and disposal is required. Only personnel who have been trained are allowed to handle acetone and to perform the immersion test. 

Does acetone immersion meet the requirements for a meaningful quality test Each of the four properties listed in the preceding paragraph will be discussed below in relation to acetone immersion. 

Property 2 Problem Identified by Test not Found by Other Tests — Acetone immersion is designed to identify inadequate fusion of PVC. However, when inadequate fusion occms, the physical properties of the pipe are substandard. Other tests discover the substandard pipe. 

Thus, acetone immersion does not meet the second criterion it is not a test that uniquely identifies a problem that other tests would overiook. 

Technical grade isobutylene supplied by Matheson Company was used. The isobutylene gas is liquefied by passage into a large test tube immersed in a Dry Ice-acetone bath. 

To evaluate its capability for refractive index measurement, the fiber FPI device was tested using various liquids including methanol, acetone, and 2-propanol at room temperature. The interference spectra of the device immersed in various liquids are shown in Fig. 7.12 for comparison. The signal intensity dropped when the device was immersed in liquids as a result of the reduced refractive index contrast and thus lowered Fresnel reflections from the cavity endfaces. However, the interference fringes maintained a similar visibility. The spectral distance between the two adjacent valleys also decreased, indicating the increase of refractive index of the medium inside the cavity. Using (7.4), the refractive indices of the liquids were calculated to be nmethanoi = 1 -3283, acetone = 1 -3577, and n2-propanoi = 1.3739, which was close to the commonly accepted values. 

At the specimen surface, soft corroded layer was formed during immersion and the layer could be easily removed by wiping lightly with acetone-soaked paper and in some conditions this layer was dissolved spontaneously. The thickness of this layer was defined as corrosion depth x, and measured at various test conditions. As shown in Figure 5, corrosion depth increases linearly with time, and... 

Good test cases would be the solvent effects on the UV-vis absorption spectra of formaldehyde and acetone that have been the subject of innumerous theoretical studies. Innovative theoretical methods have been applied to formaldehyde (see also the compilation of results in [20,32,113,114,115,116]). Unfortunately the experimental result for formaldehyde in water is not clear because of chemical problems mostly associated to the aggregation and formation of oligomers. Therefore a better test case is the UV-vis spectra of acetone, because reliable experimental solvent shifts and several theoretical results are available (see the compilation of results in [117]). The Stokes shift of the n-rr transition of acetone has been critically discussed by Ohrn and Karlstrom [118], Grozema and van Duijnen [17] studied the solvatochromic shift of the absorption band of acetone in as much as eight different solvents. Acetone is known to shift the maximum of the n-rr band by 1500-1700 cm 1 when immersed in water [119,120,121], Using the conventional HF/6-31 G(d) point charges, Coutinho and Canuto [54] simulated acetone in water and performed INDO/CIS... 

The reactor similar to the one used earlier (11.12) was a large glass test tube that had an Internal volume of about 150 ml. Four vertical stainless-steel baffles were spaced Inside the reactor 90 apart, and three square-pitch Impellers mounted on an agitator shaft provided vigorous agitation to the contents of the reactor. The reactor was partly Immersed In an acetone bath which could be cooled with dry ice or with a cold-finger refrigeration unit to any desired temperatures down to -50 C. 

Clearing doses were determined by immersing the wafers in a strong solvent (acetone) for two minutes. Standard dip development was carried out by immersion in MIBK (methyl-isobutyl-ketone) at 21°C for time increments from one minute to ten minutes. The dissolution rate was calculated from thickness loss, measured using a Nanospec, and development time. SEM examination of test structures was used to evaluate the resolution of the resist under the different processing conditions. Unless specifically mentioned, each experiment showed that 0.5ym features could be resolved in the resist. 

For each series of experiments, the same stainless steel coupon (4 cm X 3.5 cm X 0.1 cm) was precleaned, coated with the test contaminant, and then placed in the autoclave for testing. For precleaning, the coupon was either washed first in a chloroform bath, rinsed with acetone, and then dipped in an acetone bath or immersed in a 1,1,1-trichloroethane bath and wiped with a tissue to remove any residue. After precleaning, the coupon was weighed to determine when the mass of the coupon was within 0.1 mg of its original weight. This was set as the standard for perfect cleanness of the coupon. 

---