According to Their Physical States

Fats and oils, since they are mixtures, may be solid, liquid or halfway in between depending upon the amount of glycerides they contain. For example, suet which contains a high amount of tri-stearine is solid, but olive oil which contains a high amount of glycerine is liquid. Butter and margarine are half-solid as they are mixtures of both solid and liquid glycerides. 

Some fatty acids are solid due to saturation. An example is coconut oil which is solid because it contains mainly tri-palmitin and tristearine glycerides. Palmitic acid and stearic acid are saturated carboxylic acids. 

If the fatty acids that form the fats and oils are unsaturated, the fats tend to be liquids. Liquid oils are unsaturated, the number of double bonds in the fatty acids decreases the freezing point of the fat or oil. 

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Classify the various homogeneous mixtures according to their physical states and give examples for each. 

Oxidants and reductants may be classified conveniently according to their physical state, that is, whether they are gases, insoluble solids, or in solution. A reagent is classified as a gas if it is removed by volatilization, even though it may have been added in the form of a solution. The following discussion presents a comparison of a number of representative reagents. 

Gases are classified, according to their physical state when packaged, in one of four groups in the following table ... 

Solutions are usually classified according to their physical state, as solid, liquid, or gaseous. The physical state of a solution is determined by the solvent. Many alloys are solid solutions of one metal dissolved in another. For example, brass, which is used to make musical instruments and many other objects, is a solution of copper and zinc. Air is a gaseous solution containing nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases. Carbon dioxide (a gas), alcohol (a liquid), and salt (a solid) each dissolve in water (a liquid) to form liquid solutions. Water is the most common solvent in the laboratory and in many fields. Water solutions are known as aqueous solutions. Because they are so important, in this section we will concentrate on the properties of aqueous solutions. Some solutions and their compositions are illustrated in Table 1. 

There are two classification systems of electrochromic materials according to their chemical species and according to their physical state. The chemical classification differentiates organic and inorganic electrochromic materials. Organic electrochromic... 

Propellants also called propergols are intimate chemical mixtures of a fuel and an oxidizer. This particular type of energetic material acts both as the energy source and the propelling agent, hence, they are extensively used as rocket propellants. Propellants are classified according to their physical state as ... 

Solid-state systems are frequently classified according to their physical, structural or chemical properties. Such schemes are extremely helpful since properties related to any such classification are typically known and facilitate identifying solids with special material classes. The best-known examples of these schemes are conductivity or resistivity measurements by means of which metals are easily distinguishable from insulators. However, frequently clear-cut decisions between material classes are not possible, since anisotropy, chemical composition, binding forces and local effects wash out distinct properties and lead to competition or coexistence. 

The persistent organochlorine compounds, once released, will partition between environmental media according to their physical and chemical properties. Steady state equilibrium partitioning between these media has been considered as the simplest model simulating their behaviour. Over recent years, modelling the environmental partitioning and fate of these compounds has led to a broad... 

Toxic compounds that provoke mass poisoning vary according to their physical and chemical properties. They belong to three types of state gaseous, powder from hard particles and liquid. Gaseous and liquid forms may sometimes combine simultaneously, thus extending the effect of the toxic aggression on man. 

If it is decided after phase 1 to go ead with a recovery program, targets for recovery will have to be determined. For that purpose targets will have to be classified according to their physical condition, i.e. state of corrosion, depth of burial, physical size, type of shell etc. The technologies for a recovery will have to be adapted to suit targets within their respective classes. A prime concern, however, will be the recovery of fundamentally intact munitions, i.e. not free lumps of agent. 

Although there are atotal of seven DCs, two of them are located in the same state. So according to their physical locations, we can roughly divide the continental U.S. into six different service regions (Figure 1). 

Presently, within the specialised scientific medium, the capacity of mechanical energy to modify into a specific manner, in accordance with the nature of co-existent environment, the relation between polymer structure and properties is unanimously recognised. The mechanisms of irreversible mechanochemical processes are clearly proved. In polymers, the mechanisms of deformation and fracture are studied and discussed in accordance with their physical state, as these ones are concretised in polymer synthesis, processing, and exploitation. Unfortunately, in industrial practice these results are not yet fully utilised. 

According to the current state of the theory, the deformation of polymeric networks must be accompanied not only by the intrachain conformational entropy changes but intrachain energy changes which depend on the conformational energies of macromolecules. Therefore, reliable experimental determination of these intrachain energy changes and their interpretation by means of isomeric state theory is of fundamental importance for polymer physics. 

Mononitroglycerines are weak explosives. In consequence of a distinctively negative oxygen balance, only 434 kcal/kg are evolved on explosive decomposition (water in the form of vapour). Their sensitiveness to impact is extremely low. Indeed they are virtually insensitive. Their liability to detonate depends on their physical state. According to Naotim the lead block expansion produced by liquid mononitroglycerine is 75 cm3 only and products of incomplete decomposition, e.g. acrolein, are evolved. The crystalline product, on the other hand, detonates readily to produce an expansion amounting to 245 cm3. 

Molecular properties can be classified according to their end-poinl observables, such as chemical I reactivity. solubility, acid-basel. physical (a function of physical state gas. liquid, solid thermodynamic), or biological (ligand or enzyme agonist or antagonist). These properties reflect macroscopic, or bulk, properties, which exist only for the bulk material, e.g.. heat of crystallization, ur microscopic properties, which exist for an ensemble of the molecule. As use of CAMM methods... 

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