Academia activities

These and other FDA policy decisions launched the pharmaceutical industry and academia into a new era of developing stereoselective processes for the manufacture of enantiopure active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). 

Ionic liquid synthesis in a commercial context is in many respects quite different from academic ionic liquid preparation. While, in the commercial scenario, labor-intensive steps add significantly to the price of the product (which, next to quality, is another important criterion for the customer), they can easily be justified in academia to obtain a purer material. In a commercial environment, the desire for absolute quality of the product and the need for a reasonable price have to be reconciled. This is not new, of course. If one looks into the very similar business of phase-transfer catalysts or other ionic modifiers (such as commercially available ammonium salts), one rarely finds absolutely pure materials. Sometimes the active ionic compound is only present in about 85 % purity. However, and this is a crucial point, the product is well specified, the nature of the impurities is known, and the quality of the material is absolutely reproducible from batch to batch. 

The combination of these advances is revolutionizing process control, spawning unprecedented research activity in both academia and industry. 

As shown in Table 2.1, the improved catalytic performance of alkaline-treated zeolites compared to the parent purely microporous counterparts has been demonstrated decidedly by different groups active in academia and in industry. The positive effect is reflected in the enhanced activity, selectivity, and/or lifetime (coking resistance) of the hierarchical systems. The examples listed embrace not only a variety of zeohte topologies (MFl, MOR, MTW, BEA, and AST) but also reactions involving hghter hydrocarbons as well as bulky molecules. This illustrates the potential of the desihcation treatment, although more work is to be done in optimizing the catalytic system for the wide variety of applications. 

The several industrial applications reported in the hterature prove that the energy of supersonic flow can be successfully used as a tool to enhance the interfacial contacting and intensify mass transfer processes in multiphase reactor systems. However, more interest from academia and more generic research activities are needed in this fleld, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the interface creation under the supersonic wave conditions, to create rehable mathematical models of this phenomenon and to develop scale-up methodology for industrial devices. 

Many or most of the results from data mining in industry went unpublished. More recently, when a few academic researchers gained access to data mining software, the weakly active compounds they found were excitedly published. This difference between industry and academia in handling similar kinds of results is a matter of priorities. In industry, the hrst priority is to hnd marketable products and get them out the door. In academia, the priority is to publish (especially in high-impact journals). Contrary to a common misconception, scientists in industry do publish, a point we return to below. 

Felcht reports on Degussa s activities in cooperation with partners from academia and industry to develop innovative industrial-scale micro-structured reactors for making large-tonnage products by liquid- and gas-phase reactions [137]. The aim is to make the potential of micro reactors more widely available for a larger variety of processes, naturally with focus on Degussa s fine and specialty chemical productions. Also, the aim is to circumvent traditional problems of scale-up. 

Research on the identification of vanilloid antagonists has been pursued more intensively in industry than in academia. Thus, a SciFinder search for new chemical entities endowed with this type of activity pulled out 34 entries from the proprietary literature, and only 14 from journal articles during the period January 2004 June 2006. The patent literature can be difficult to evaluate and compare with the published data. Bioactivity is often not disclosed (or commented), and activity can be broadly claimed for a series of lead structures without specifying their optimal substitution. On the other hand, analysis of the patent literature does not only complement the published data, but also offers a preview of information that will be eventually disclosed and detailed in journals. Given the relevance of proprietary literature in the realm of vanilloids research, the main trends emerging from its analysis will be briefly summarized. 

This volume is based on a four-session symposium presented at the 211th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, sponsored by the ACS Division of Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, Inc., in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 24-28, 1996. The general interest in the topic of photopolymerization was illustrated by the excellent attendance and active discussions during the symposium, and we were delighted when most of the speakers agreed to contribute chapters to this book. The volume is well balanced, with contributions from both academia and industry, and should provide the reader with an excellent idea of the current directions of photopolymerization research. 

Dr. Walas has several decades of varied experience in industry and academia and is an active industrial consultant for the process design of chemical reactors and chemical and petroleum plants. He has written four related books on reaction kinetics, phase equilibria, process equipment selection and design, and mathematical modeling of chemical engineering processes, as well as the sections Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Reactors in the seventh edition of Chemical Engineers Handbook. He is a Fellow of the AlChE and a registered professional engineer. 

R. G. Harvey, The Molecular Mechanism of Carcinogenesis of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons , in Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity and Antitumor Activity , Eds. C. Chagas, B. Pullman, Pontifica Academia Scientiarum, The Vatican, and Adenine Press, Schenectady, NY, 1987, p. 95 - 129. 

As a result, there has been a lot of research activity in multivariable control, both in academia and in industry. Some practical, useful tools have been developed to design control systems for these multivariable processes. The second edition includes a fairly comprehensive discussion of what 1 feel are the useful techniques for controlling multivariable processes. 

The role of the CRC is identical to that of European or American counterparts, or may be of more complex nature because of the complicated Japanese GCP and medical system. Many professional bodies, some backed up by regulatory body and academia, provide training courses for CRCs and recent statistics showed the number of trainee has exceeded 5000 and activities of... 

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